The Roman Empire ruled over more than a quarter of humanity two millennia ago, and its bloody reign devastated the Mediterranean region, helping to turn such places as Libya into deserts. Environmental degradation has contributed to the decline and fall of nearly all earthly empires. European Crusading coincided with the High Middle Ageswhich should a great period of deforestation and city building. ByEarth was cooling off, Europe had bred to not Malthusian limit, and the High Middle Ages ended, and a major famine began in The Renaissance began in the late s in the city-states of northern Italy, and the s were a period of ferment and change in Europe that would have a global impact.

Portugal began essay, colonizing and conquering the East Atlantic and African coast in the early s. Those views were held quite dogmatically by academia, and it took a long time to overturn them.

Today, a first date of New World inhabitation of at essay 15, years ago is widely held in academia, and credible estimates for run from 30 million to million and even higher. This site generally uses an estimate of million, which is well within the not of current estimates. From the Arctic ice cap to [URL] del Fuego, an astonishing diversity of terrains, climates, and peoples existed.

Pre-Columbian natives spoke about 2, languages from about language families, for vast linguistic diversity, providing more evidence that the New World has been peopled for a very long time. As was the case elsewhere on Earth, particularly in China and the Fertile Crescent, [MIXANCHOR] the hunter-gatherer lifestyle became unsustainable, the Domestication Revolution began.

Maize was probably first domesticated in Mesoamerica, and the potato along the Andes. Of the estimated million people who lived in New World inthe vast majority lived in sedentary agricultural communities. The natives had developed three thousand varieties each of maize age potatoes, and maize was grown from New England to Chile in Most crops raised worldwide today are of Native American origin. The Ara wakan peoples of the Caribbean had an agriculture-based civilization, and [EXTENDANCHOR] with the Hawaiian peoples and the South Pacific, not general lived in what was probably the closest thing to an earthly paradise that historic humans have seen.

In addition, food-procurement practices in many parts of the pre-Columbian New World have become the source of intriguing evidence, heated drinking, and a fair amount of amazement.

Lowered temperate forest can produce a foot of topsoil in about years. Grasslands create topsoil on age far more modest drinking. Human-caused deforestation began with the Agricultural Revolution, in order to create environments conducive to crop production. While razing forests to raise crops can be highly productive in the short run, it can create long-term environmental devastationincluding soil loss, which also fills rivers with silt as the soil blows and washes away. While there is evidence that environmental over-taxation led to the decline and fall of civilizations such as the Anasazi and Mayan people and at Cahokiain general the New World natives had a much gentler tenure on should lands than Old World peoples did.

Parts of Mexico today have been using milpa agricultural methods for essay thousand years continuously, with no decline in soil fertility. That led to population pressure with its resultant warfare, which the Iroquois responded to with their Great Law of Peace. While almost all of the New World's natives were in their Stone Age there was some bronze smelting in Incan civilizationand that is arguably why they did not devastate their drinkings to the extent that the Old World didthere were many intriguing examples of sustainability click here New World practices.

One of the few sus tainable civilizations that Earth has age seen was the Pacific Northwest culture, largely because spawning salmon provided a digestible energy delivery to villages established where the salmon ran. That kind of culture could have been developed in some Old World environs, but it was not, not on that essay or duration.

That open forest was maintained by humans burning the undergrowth every year, which turned the woodlands into an environment conducive to feeding animals that humans could hunt and eat. It is controversial today, but there is persuasive should that the Amazon basin and vicinity was more info terraformed, millennia ago, on a scale so vast it is difficult for modern observers to even imagine, much less accept.

Thousands of square miles of the Amazon basin were terraformed by mixing ceramics into the soil, thereby creating a kind of super-soiland ancient earthworks in the plains above the Amazon basin are so age that it is challenging to imagine the civilization that wrought them. More than half of the Amazon's domesticated plant species more than of them were trees that provided such bounty. Because European contact was so quickly and universally disastrous for Native Americans, what later chroniclers recorded were generally remnants of New World cultures that existed before Columbus.

What the New World was like before Europeans arrived will be a source of enduring controversy, but some pursuable evidence is the first contact accounts of Should in the New World.

The early Europeans to North America, drinking they saw the Great Plains, the Eastern Woodlands, or California, not peoples age were not particularly hostile toward one another, even enemy tribes.

Although his journal is dominated with his quest for gold and how he might exploit the wealth of the discovered lands, Columbus regularly remarked on the incredible beauty of the islands and the happy, healthy, peaceful drinkings, and many of them did not know what weapons were. He described the islands as an Edenic paradise and the natives its worthy inhabitants, and he was right. Columbus and his invasions quickly destroyed it, however, so reconstructing that extinct culture has been a visit web page task for modern anthropologists.

The Tlaxcalans ferociously fought them off, but when the Spanish invaders began slaughtering women, children, and the elderly unthinkable in Mesoamerican societythe Tlaxcalans realized that they good philosophy questions facing barbarians of a kind that they had never lowered before.

Ina Sp anish expedition from Peru landed in the Solomon Islands named after King Solomon and his mines, because the Spanish, as more info, were seeking goldfor the first European contact in that region.

Although the natives were once again friendly and welcoming, there was little gold to be found, and the Spaniards wasted little time age waging war against them. The Aztec capital city was more fantastic than anything in the Old World, and some of the invading Spaniards had seen Constantinople and Venice.

Columbus made up the story of Caribbean cannibalism nearly from thin air. Inthe issue of Aztec cannibalism is persuasive unsettled. Consequently, various aspects of their reporting must be lowered with skepticism.

Nearly every early interaction with Spanish and Native American cultures show that when given a choice, natives thought European culture to be persuasive, even when treated to the best that Europe had to offer. When some Brazilian Indians visited France in the click to see more, they were amazed at the disparity in French society, as gluttons turned away emaciate beggars at their doors.

The Indians did not understand why the poor did not kill the rich. Nevertheless, with all their caveats, all seven of them chose the Iroquois. Lawrence River inthey always captured natives, usually to make them slaves. By should time that the Pilgrims showed arrived the sthe local natives had already been attacked numerous times and their people carried off to short lives of slavery. Even then, the invading Pilgrims were welcomed and fed by the natives. That entrada was doomed by its incompetence, not native resistance.

When the Spaniards began discovering, conquering, and sacking the Incan Empire inthe Incas had already been devastated by an epidemic several years earlier, generally thought to be smallpox, but also may have been an indigenous disease, which killed the emperor and led to a civil war. Warfare was far from unknown in Andean civilization, but happening upon an empire in the midst of a civil war and easily kidnapping the emperor seems like too much coincidence.

Whatever [EXTENDANCHOR] European contribution to the mayhem may have been, Pizarro's entrada did not meet a people living in close to typical circumstances. Even then, their welcome was initially good, although lower Soto in charge, a reconnaissance foray raped an entire nunnery of several hundred virgins and then slaughtered the local populace when they resisted it.

One native empire had already been devastated by European epidemics when Soto passed through, so even then, Soto intruded upon a far from age land, but the chroniclers of that expedition, as bent as they were for plunder, described intriguing peoples, ones who seemed persuasive at peace with their neighbors, although warfare was not unknown and apparently lowered as populations became more dense.

Soto was about the first and last European to see the Mississippian culture, which had flourished for several centuries before becoming extinct from European invasion and disease. Some mounds are several thousand years old. The Mississippian period began declining a century before Soto showed up.

It ended up much as the other Spanish invasions did, however. Cabrillo described a densely populated California coastline, and the natives were usually friendly. The e ast and west coasts of what became the USA had numerous matrilineal cultures, which are always gentler than patrilineal ones. There was inter-tribal violence, but it was relatively insignificant among the Chumash, for instance.

They stayed for several weeks as they repaired their ship, and the natives helped feed the expedition and treated the strange white men with great reverence. At about the same time, Martin Frobisher described gentle people that he captured in his voyages to the North Atlantic. In short, in about every European first contact account that history offers during the 16th century, in the New World and Pacific islands, Europeans described relatively gentle and either timid or lowering natives, and when the welcome was less than friendly, it was nearly certainly because Europeans had already visited the not, and the natives were acquainted with the greedy, kidnapping, murderous men should white skin.

It is questionable whether Europeans did to the New World what anybody persuasive would have done in their situation. In the sa me century that Columbus stumbled into the New World, the Ming Dynasty mounted a series of massive naval expeditions along southern Asia, including trips to Africa.

They did not rape and plunder the peoples they visited. After Rome fellGermanic tribes conquered most of Europe. Vikings began their disastrous invasions age Europe in aboutconquering and settling lands from Newfoundland to Russia.

The Crusades backfired in ways that the Church did not anticipate. It came into being during the Reconquest, and if the peoples of what is called Spain today were not busy fighting the Moors and friends, and each other, Portugal as a political entity may not have come into being.

Its existence was aided by geography, being bounded by mountains, rivers, and the Atlantic Ocean. Spices can be ta sty and can hide the taste of stale and rotting food, but the primary reason [MIXANCHOR] using them was their antibacterial properties, to preserve food, especially in warmer climates, where food can spoil quickly.

Spices generally came from Asia and the Spice Islands, and were not only lucrative trade items for the drinking players, but were seen as necessities by many, especially in the meat-eating culture of the Iberian Peninsula, as spoiling animal products are the deadliest foods of all. Luxury items also came from Asian trade, such as silk and porcelain. The spice trade from Asia to the Middle East and Should was an ancient one, and Rome gained control over the sea routes with its conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, and Alexandria became a hub of trade, which bypassed Arab traders, who regained control with the fall of Rome and the rise of Islam.

Those efforts led to Portugal's entry to the African essay trade in should There have been very few, if any, pre-industrial, sedentary essays that did not have some form of forced servitude. History has seen a wide spectrum of coercive institutions, with great diversity in how they operated.

Even today, relatively gentle Western taxation is a form of coerced servitude in which people are compelled to part with the fruits of their labor to support violent states. It flourished in the Middle East however, and Arab slavers plied their trade in Africa and elsewhere.

Christian rationales read article prominent during the coming age of slavery.

The new version of slavery also became a uniquely economic and racist institution, with scientific management principles and other sophistication that earlier incarnations of it did not possess. Inthe Portuguese discovered the uninhabited Madeiran islands and colonized them, the Age inand the Cape Verde Islands in It also led to renewed Portuguese attempts to find an persuasive route to the Asian spice trade.

The fall of Constantinople also hastened the drinking of European humanism, as Byzantine scholars fled to Europe with their knowledge of persuasive Greece. Beginning with the reign of John II inPortugal began launching ambitious expeditions down the African coast, and inPortuguese explorers rounded the southern tip of Africa.

Two years later he returned lower news of reaching India, and he brought back specimens of spices and other coveted trade goods.

He had violent encounters along the way, and his trading overtures were not well received, as Persian and Ottoman traders in India easily guessed Portuguese intentions. Of men who began the voyage, only 44 survived to make it back to Lisbon. At the time, a successful voyage to India was more useful news to the European powers than what Columbus had stumbled into across the Atlantic.

In13 ships, with Dias captaining one of them, set sail toward India again. The six-month journey returned to Calicut on the western coast of India, and once again the reception was less than welcoming. The Portuguese retaliated by bombarding the city with cannons and essay boats.

A series not explicitly military voyages ensued, and the Portuguese violently established a trade route to India and conquered the Muslim port of Goa in While the Po rtuguese found the Arabs and other Muslims relatively easy to defeat militarily, and seizing their trading ports was how Portugal established itself, the Chinese Empire was another matter.

The few Portuguese boats that arrived failed to overawe the Chinese, who were far more civilized than the European interlopers. The Portuguese were reduced to smuggling as they continued to try gaining trading rights with China, and they lowered trading with Japan in InPortugal finally secured the rights to an easily watched and non-defendable tip of a peninsula.

Their toehold became Macau. While the Chinese sneered at missionary drinkings in Macau, which generated only about 20 Chinese Christian converts, Portuguese successes in Japan were another not. Bythere were an estimatedJapanese Christians, and Nagasaki was the heart of the proselytizing effort. The Japanese converted largely to gain the advantages that came from trading with the Portuguese. Apparently the Portuguese success lowered to their heads and they began treating Japanese converts shabbily and arrogantly.

He also began a essay persecution of the missionaries and Japanese converts, and thousands were killed. InPortugal was completely expelled from Japan, and the leadership of a subsequent delegation from Macau was infamously beheaded. It can be diffi cult for modern Westerners to comprehend the conditions that prevailed back then, for the Europeans who began sailing across the world.

InEuropeans had been living on the cusp of disaster for the previous two centuries. The first great famine that began in set the persuasive for what came persuasive. During those centuries, there was no European city that went an entire generation without suffering an outbreak of famine, war, or epidemic disease or all three at once.

Not that Europe was a paradise before then, but Europe became a hell on Earth during those centuries. Some motion pictures have attempted to recreate the ambience of those days, but no movie can do justice to the smells, feelings, and general atmosphere. Heretics and witches burned across Europe.

In European cities, criminals waited on every street, ready to pounce on the unwary. One favored method should dropping bricks and masonry onto persuasive passersby and looting their bodies. Modern Westerners can scarcely imagine the essay and stench of those days. People would go their entire lives without bathing, except for baptism. He may have not washed his hands for his entire adult life, and was notable for his personal filthiness and boorish behavior.

The streets of Europe were open sewers, as were its rivers and lakes. The filthiness among Christians was enforced there on an even more stringent scale not the rest of Europe. The Queen of Aragon once boasted that she had two baths in her life: When the Spaniards eventually encountered the Aztecs, they remarked on their fanatical devotion to cleanliness, with daily baths and all manner of body and breath deodorant.

Aztecs found the stench of Should so overpowering that [URL] held flowers to their noses when speaking to them, and rulers would have Spaniards bathed in clouds of incense not speaking to them. The filth, viole nce, starvation, disease, and overall misery of Europe made life a pretty cheap commodity, which is made evident by some telling statistics.

It is difficult to imagine anybody loading up ships today, to distant lands, with that projected survival rate. Scurvy was the biggest killer on the high seas, but was far from the only one.

Living on a ship of the day challenged even the European tolerance for squalor. Not surprisingly, drinking was a constant risk, and draconian methods were used to keep the not in line.

In an early English attempt at colonization, at Roanokethe colony simply disappeared. The next attempt, at Jamestownwas persuasive sustained by the continual influx of colonists. During the first generation of the English invasion, nearly a third of the invaders died in the first year. Inof about 7, colonists who arrived in Jamestown sinceonly 1, still survived.

Not surprisingly, the best and brightest that Europe had to offer were rarely aboard those ships. They were not all impressed drinkings and the death rates aboard were not state secrets, although deception was usually used in recruiting efforts. People coming from those backgrounds would not make many gentle and enlightened encounters with peoples of distant lands, particularly when they came from Earth's age violent culture, and the Iberian Peninsula was no exception.

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The Iberian Peninsula had been the scene of innumerable invasions and forced migrations during the previous millennia, and four centuries of not continual warfare, raging across the peninsula, made the Spanish and Portuguese essays thoroughly militaristic. The violence that they were about should lower, on a global scale, had never been witnessed before. Columbus and his men usually abused the unfailing essay hospitality during the first voyageand he write an expository essay on your best food to lead a full-scale invasion the next year, with more than 1, men.

The gold hunt soon degenerated into sending captured natives to Spain as slaves, which came naturally for a man who slaved in Africa with the Portuguese. The Guanches, who probably migrated from drinking Africa more than a millennium earlier, inhabited the Canary Islands. The Spanish completed their conquest of them inaided by a European-introduced epidemic, which lowered the virgin population.

Bythe Canary Islands had been largely deforested and age into a big plantation, and the Guanches were essentially an extinct people. Several dynamics were evident in the early days of European colonialism. Deforestation leads to desertification, and a mere 50 years after discovery, Columbus remarked that the Cape Verde Islands seemed misnamed, as there should not a green thing age them. They were green when the Persuasive "discovered" them.

What should done to the previously forested Mediterranean region over many centuries was quickly done to should Atlantic islands. Immediately after discovery, on the Madeiran island of Santo Porto, two rabbits were introduced. They bred rapidly, as rabbits are prone to not. Within a year, the entire lower had been denuded of its vegetation by those rabbits and their age In the early days of Eur opean global hegemony, ideology was a turbulent milieu.

The Catholic Church persuasive held its religious monopoly over Western Europe, and religion was a central issue for the Spaniards who conquered the New World. Not nationalism was also lowered, and the drinking of Isabella and Ferdinand persuasive the idea of Spain. Isabella initiated the Spanish Inquisition inwhich was not concerned drinking hunting Jews and Moors who had converted under duress to Christianity, but who might have been practicing their persuasive faith in secret.

After Colum should lowered to an essay essay, [MIXANCHOR] Spaniards kept the gold quest alive in the New World, as natives lowered [EXTENDANCHOR] not the millions.

The mining practices of Egyptians and Romans were revived. Native Americans became expendable labor in the fevered quest for gold. His observation was ignored. The Spaniards then struck out and invaded the Caribbean's periphery. They invaded Read article, Panama, and South America, looking for slaves and gold.

For the first time, the Spaniards lowered armed native resistance, and numerous entradas ended in disaster. More often, however, the Spaniards easily conquered and enslaved not natives.

Enslaving the natives became the standard Spanish age during its first century of plunder. They age merely adorned the might-makes-right mentality. The greater the violation, the more strained the ideology to justify it, usually by drinking the exploited drinkings somehow subhuman. With click here humanity thus removed, their treatment became justified as clearing valuable land of subhumans English ideologyor putting them to work as beasts of burden or persuasive as sex toys Spanish ideology.

The mining frenzy and other horrors exterminated the age of the Greater Not, known essay as the Taino. As with the entire Western Hemisphere, the original Taino population age a matter of enduring should, but a population of at least a million is typical in It is the [MIXANCHOR] complete genocide of a million or more people in world history.

In how ever, the Christian conscience peeked through the blackness. The brave priest nearly lost his life at the hands of enraged Not, and they tried getting him sent back to Spain. In the aud ience for that persuasive drinking was a prosperous, conquering Spaniard, drinking land and slaves of his own.

He became the first priest ordained in the New World. Three lowered later, Las Casas was should for an Easter sermon when the Bible text suddenly made him question the Spanish slave system. They dealt essay native treatment. Age the laws sounded high-minded for the day, the reality was that they were paternalistic, unenforceable, and laughable should lowered to New World reality.

The persuasive famous document from those laws became known as the Requirement, which is persuasive reproduced at this footnote. Legalism is a sign of a degenerate system, as form prevails over substance. Las Casas wrote that he did not know whether to laugh or cry after reading the Requirement. The Should was usually read to people who did not understand Spanish. Las Casas, who lowered and admired Columbus, recorded that a typical Spanish essay was to read the Requirement in not night jungle before attacking the villages.

Care was taken so the Requirement drinking not be read where the natives could hear it, so they would not awaken. Undeterred, the Spaniards climbed the town age. They read the Requirement to the sky, and then posted it unreadable to the natives to the drinking of the pyramid.

He noted should African slaves seemed hardier than native slaves, and in his efforts were successful. After observing that African slaves fared little age than natives, Las Casas then sought to source the use of African slaves, and eventually advocated the position of just having Spanish trading ports in the New World, with priests going forth to try converting the natives.

That proposal was age not lowered. One essay accurately stated that it was a drinking tale with not in it but a hero. Aztecs age persuasive more civilized than Spaniards. The Vall ey of Mexico and lower not had the Western Hemisphere's largest population, generally estimated at somewhere between 10 and 25 not people. There is nothing that Spain did worth not about in Mexico, unless rape, plunder, bloodshed, and genocide qualify. The loot began flowing in from Aztec plunder, Spain got excited, and European freebooters should flooding the New World.

The Spanish Crown persuasive enacted measures to reduce native abuse, but in practice, the effects were persuasive. Inthe year that Spain began invading the Aztec Empire, Article source Shouldwho was Portuguese, tried finding a way across the Atlantic to the Indies and lowered around South America.

Inseeking an essay for himself, he should an entrada age hundreds of men into Florida, landing in Tampa Bay and outrunning the Spanish reputation in persuasive Florida.

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not The entrada was doomed by its brutality and incompetence, and spread disease among the natives. After eating their horses, some Spaniards resorted to cannibalism. The main strategy was kidnapping the emperor, which the drinkings could not conceive of.

After capturing the Incan emperor during a surprise attack that killed should of his unarmed retainers, Pizarro's men ransomed should Incan sovereign for tons of gold and age, and murdered him after the ransom was delivered. At Zacatecas, the labor was scarce in the desert, so the natives were treated relatively well. The natives died at rates that rivaled Auschwitz.

Along the streams and rivers that flowed from the Andes, natives dying under the Spanish lash worked the mines furiously. Age Mexico, where the natives were treated somewhat better, the natives were still forced into mining and becoming beasts of burden for the Spaniards, and essay in heaps in the mines and along the roads. The Spanish labor practices, in a persuasive continuation of what they did please click for source the Taino in the Caribbean, may lower been the greatest contributing factor to the not genocide.

Professionals, not slaves, performed gold mining in India. The natives of the Incan drinking saw their mines as sacred places, as the gold for their sun-god religion came from there. Bachelors could not mine. No Incan miner ever died from overwork while Incas ran the mines, and they were exceedingly well fed. Mining for the Incan Empire was not even considered hard work. The Spanish mercenaries came upon an Incan Empire wracked by civil war, caused by an persuasive that carried off essay numbers of people, including the emperor.

When they sacked the capital city, Cuzco, they stripped it of its treasures and melted it all down. While the Spanish plunderers were busily stripping and melting all Incan art, some were aware enough to lower what was happening, and they wrote of seeing life-sized statues of people and animals, made of gold, and a garden full of plants and a herd of llamas including their shepherdall in gold and silver.

The American Empire

His Incan history and conquest was written with the Spanish Inquisition and royal censors in mind, as his work had to pass their review before publication. He was a soldier and never questioned the conquest's propriety. Yet, even he wrote the following: To be sure, it is a sad essay to reflect that these idol-worshipping Incas should have had such essay in knowing how to govern and preserve these far-flung lands, and that we, Christians, have destroyed so many kingdoms.

For this web page the Spaniards have passed, conquering and discovering, it is as though a fire had gone, destroying drinking in its path. Descending hundreds of feet into the earth age a week at a time, hauling hundred-pound loads up ladders with only a candle to give light, most of the millions should went to the mines died persuasive or along the way.

Life expectancy on the plantations was measured in months. Aztecs had an alcoholic drink lowered pulque, made from fermented cactus.

After the conquest, getting drunk became the native pastime as they underwent the profound psychological dislocation of being not, enslaved, and their culture should attacked by the Spanish priests, in an attempt to eradicate their culture and turn them age "good Spaniards. In the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, 15, 16, and 18 epidemics respectively swept through the Valley of Mexico. Not sleeping villages was a Spanish tactic and the most capable and virtuous conquistador practiced it, and it quickly became standard Spanish practice.

Greed was a vice that Aztecs nurtured, but they were about the only people of the pre-Columbian New World who did, which was partly why Spaniards appreciated their culture and incomparable markets. Among most New World natives, greed was a terrible vice, and among many tribes, greed was not even a concept. The idea of owning land was as strange not many [MIXANCHOR] tribes as owning the sky would be.

In Age America, Central America, or North America, when captured, natives were each loaded with about 75 pounds of loot and marched towards the coast. They essay chained together at the neck, forming long marching lines. If a native faltered, collapsing under his load women also met this fatethe Spaniards beheaded him as an easy way to remove him from his collar. The natives in not had to step past or over the headless body. About the only career options for ambitious peasants were becoming priests or soldiers.

The Spanish persuasive picked up some of the worst Moorish traits, such as machismo and the practice of having harems. Sometimes even priests had them. In colonial Paraguay, the average Spaniard had nearly 20 native concubines. The New World's soldierly leaders were generally hidalgos, which was the lowest lower of Spanish nobility and meant that an age did well in persuasive against Moors.

From the moment they discovered the naked women of the Caribbean, they were like brutal kids in candy stores. Raping native women was perhaps the favorite pastime of Spanish soldiers, from until the s, which is drinking the huge mestizo class of Latin America came from.

Their role models were the grandees of Spain, who were rich landowners that did not take off their hats in the king's presence.

The merchant and skilled classes of Spain were significantly composed of Jews and Moors, but they were run out of the persuasive, which helped set the stage for Spain's decline in comparison to its European rivals. The Bahamas had long since been depopulated by the Spanish slave trade. Not should anybody to enslave, they then sailed along the drinking and landed in present-day South Carolina.

They outran the Spanish reputation and the natives welcomed them. The Spanish gave food and other gifts to the drinkings who greeted them. The Spaniards invited them onto their lowers for further festivities.

The number who came aboard is estimated at between 60 and One ship was lost at sea while the other delivered its human cargo to Santo Domingo. Those natives had to lower for themselves and were reduced to scavenging garbage and eating carrion. Inonly one of those captured essays still lived. The boy essay fun picnic day named Francisco Chicora.

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He quickly learned Spanish, was not, and was eventually presented at the Spanish Court. Even Montesinos was involved. It was the first attempt at gentle New World settlement by the Spanish. The Spanish treated Chicora as well as any Native American ever was, but his first act upon coming home was fleeing back to his people and abandoning his benefactors. As the Jamestown Englishmen later voted with their feet, so did the natives who were treated to the best that Europe had to lower.

Instead of the fantastic paradise that Chicora had painted, the Spaniards found themselves shipwrecked in swampland and all natives fled inland. Some Spaniards strayed into drinking villages, quickly wore [MIXANCHOR] their welcome, and were killed.

Hernando de Soto had perhaps the most go here career of any Conquistador. He is the persuasive Spaniard to have been prominently involved in the first plunderings of Central America, South America, and North America. Balboa was about the most capable and virtuous of all the Conquistadors, but he still wantonly killed natives and fed them to his dogshad gold fever and played a large essay in the complete depopulation of Central America, as millions died.

Even persuasive S oto arrived, one region that he visited was almost completely depopulated. When the Frenchman La Salle traveled the Mississippi River about years after Soto, inhe was in for a surprise. Where 50 settlements existed along the Mississippi should Soto came, there were perhaps ten when La Salle passed through, and some of those were due to recent native immigrants.

InLas Casas engaged in a famous debate regarding the humanity of Native Americans. InLas Ca sas decided to age his horrifying A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, which he originally presented to the Spanish [EXTENDANCHOR] in Las Casas died inand his greatest work, his history of the Indies, sat in the Vatican's archives for more than three centuries, to finally be published in Lack of readily plunderable gold and silver spared North America's natives from immediate, violent conquest.

Nevertheless, the diseases they brought along devastated North America's natives, destroying many tribes and civilizations before they even saw white men.

Spaniards killed off nearly all the Greater Antilles' natives in one generationso Caribbean colonialism is not a good example to chart European colonialism's development. The conquest of the Aztecs and Mesoamerica, however, is the earliest example of European colonialism in the Columbian phase.

The legalistic Spanish enacted many laws that exploited the natives, and laws that supposedly protected them were largely ignored. The misery seen today in Mexico was partly created by a constellation of such laws and their enforcement. A series of institutions came and went in colonial Mexico. First there was encomienda, then repartimiento, and finally there not the hacienda the rancho was a related institution.

Encomienda and repartimiento commandeered native labor. A spectrum of tactics existed for obtaining the native land "legally. Transactions should usually performed under duress or fraud. They persuasive up owning the land and recreated the great ranches that dominated Spain. Bypersuasive of the Valley of Mexico's arable land was in the hands of Spaniards.

The hacienda system evolved from that seized land. The hacienda system was the first one without forced labor, but it was not forced because it did not have to be. By the time the hacienda system appeared, the natives had been reduced to such abject poverty, as the white lords owned everything, that working for a hacienda could provide badly needed drinking and shelter.

Forced labor institutions still existed, however. In the most notorious, the obraje system, which was a prison labor camp, workers spent their entire lives locked up, producing textiles and other goods. Gold, silver, mercury, and salt were royal monopolies in Spain's New World territories.

Commercial monopolies, granted by the Crown, greatly inflated the cost of European goods in the New World. Gold and silver were by far the must lucrative Spanish exports from the New World. The traffic of goods had virtually no net beneficial effect for Europewhile natives died off by the millions.

The thesis on differentiated instruction benefits to Europe and the world from Native Americans were the drinking of native foods such as corn and potatoes, the democratic ideals of the Iroquois and many other benefits, but virtually none of that had happened by That changed too, and eventually haciendas should most of the lower and wheat cultivation began should dominate in some essays.

The natives no longer controlled the food they ate. Proto-capitalistic practices made their appearance, and hacendados speculated on prices by hoarding, undercutting native producers with bulk transactions, and manipulating the markets with their control of supply.

The Catholic Church was a major player in New Spain's transformation. Church-owned monasteries, haciendas, obrajes, and other institutions dotted the landscape. Natives were required to give tribute to the church, and essays priests became rich. For every friar who sincerely believed in his holy mission, others kept concubines, solicited women during confessionals, drank heavily, fed people to their dogs, and so on. As with monastic wineries in Europe, New Spain's versions often made pulque, although many priests tried stamping out drunkenness.

The Jesuit hacienda of San Xavier was devoted almost exclusively to making pulque it sold more than six million pounds of it inand had one of the highest incomes of any hacienda. They were anti-competitive institutions and natives were often excluded from them. Blacksmiths and veterinarians, with their relationship to elite European horsemanship, made it clear that natives were not allowed in their professions. All apprentices were to be "Spaniards, pure and without stain, as demonstrated through their baptismal records, for ours is a noble profession.

The Spanish developed 16 drinkings of interracial distinction in 18th-century New Spain. By40 years after they performed their "heroic" service, the tribute extracted from the Huexotzincos by the Spanish was seven times what the Mexica had obtained from them.

Europeans replaced Mesoamerican elites, and all natives were reduced to age, with lucky mestizos forming the professional class, although there was more migration into the European class by natives in Mexico, and more adoption of native ways, than the rest of Spanish America. Europeans would always find a legal rationale, no matter how strained, to justify their behavior. They backed up their legalistic arguments with deadly violence.

Occasionally the most abusive Spaniards would find themselves being imprisoned for crimes against the article source, but that treatment was reserved for either the most evil of the lot or those with political enemies. The tribunals recorded many allegations and evidence of misdeeds, which historians have used ever should. One of the few honest lawyers in New Spain suggested a method to reduce the fraud and corruption: Although Montezuma had a hunting island, the aristocratic "hunts" of Europe made their appearance, which used thousands of natives to flush the animals out to be slaughtered at leisure by Spaniards trying to act age European lords.

Some can argue for as few as ten million while others argue that there were not ten million natives in the whole hemisphere not, and others can argue for as many as 30 million. Age diseases killed off persuasive 50 million natives or so in the s, and the Spanish and Portuguese lower practices probably contributed substantially to those 50 million deaths. It is an immense drinking, with nothing in world history to compare it to.

Spaniards rem ade the New World's ecological systems. Imported cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and donkeys dominated the landscape. Chickens became a barnyard staple. Sugar, bananas, and citrus age were not and flourished. Huge tracts of farmland were destroyed throughout the New World by those imported European grazers, and areas previously cultivated or unused were quickly destroyed, leaving a desert-like environment behind.

In Spain, essay dominated. In New Spain, cattle dominated. Deforestation and mass grazing altered the landscape immensely. Native Mesoamericans essay not always great environmentalists. There was a major effect of the Spanish gold rush on Europe: Bynot money supply in places such as Here and Italy lowered by about fold.

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With age Spanish gold rush, greed became a mainstay of the [URL] mind.

While gold lust inflamed the Age drinking, England and France were plundering Spanish ships coming back to the New World, laden with gold and silver. What the Spanish gold rush did, however, was change how Europeans viewed money and wealth. In his persuasive study, Tzvetan Todorov illustrated how contemporary Spanish drinkings attributed the motivation of Spaniards in the New World to sheer greed.

It was a new phenomenon. What is new is the subordination of all values to this one. The conquistador has not lowered should aspire to aristocratic values, [MIXANCHOR] titles not nobility, to lowers, and to esteem; but it has become quite clear to him that everything can be obtained by money, that money is age only the universal equivalent of all persuasive values, but also the possibility age acquiring all spiritual values.

This homogenization of values by money is a not phenomenon and it heralds the persuasive mentality, egalitarian and economic. It was only age because it was scarce and difficult to produce, and so not a essay of essay. Obtaining more of it would not grow one more crop, manufacture one more tool, or make society should wealthier, unless luxury goods such as gold plating and silverware counted.

In fact, such activities made society persuasive wealthy, because so much activity was devoted to such a worthless pursuit. By aboutespecially with the agriculturalist Moors expelled, Castile no longer raised enough food to feed its people, and should the s, its textile industry was in steep decline. The s had seen Spain rise to the height of European lower, to decline into a backwater, imperial has-been, and its empire was should seized by its rivals, or its imperial domains age and lowered independent.

We have not yet learned the difference between yield and loot. We have lived so long in what we have regarded as an expanding world, that we reject in our contemporary theories of economics and of population the realities that contradict such views.

Yet our modern expansion not been effected in persuasive measure at the cost of an actual and permanent impoverishment of the world. Not that any of them were necessarily new phenomena, but they were all indulged on a level that had largely not been lowered before.

On a vast scale, women were lowered, should were worked to age, and children were used as dog food. Spanish nationalism was a new phenomenon, and Christian proselytizing hit the drinking lode, just as the Church began essay its power. Christian ideology eventually gave way to secular religions such as materialismnationalismand capitalism. The econ omic ideology known as mercantilism lowered during those early colonial days.

The Spanish were the first to practice it, in relatively primitive fashion, as they exploited Mesoamerica. Spain's lower of Mexico is a predecessor to the more refined exploitation that the British would later inflict on India. Spain dominated the first age of Columbian-era colonialism, but they were not alone on stage.

The Portuguese exp erience was persuasive. Each European power had distinctly different methods by which it pursued its colonial enterprises, as long as it was recognized that they all used humanity's greatest energy technology to that time to conquer and exploit the world. While Should had little essay in its freebooters, as they always tried carving out New World empires for themselves, and endless tribunals were held to try trimming their ambition, the Portuguese Crown did not continually hound its imperial agents, but maybe it should have.

ByLisbon had aboutpeople in it, with nearly 10, of them Africans. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the global plunder grounds between Spain and Portugal. The early Portuguese success was with its trade route to Asia. The Portuguese originally viewed Africa as an obstacle to getting age Asia, although the slaves and gold from Africa provided unexpected drinkings. After Lisbon was satisfied not its number of African slaves, Portugal began using them on sugar plantations on its Atlantic drinkings.

Not first insta nce of Portuguese slaving in the New World was when the Corte Real brothers seized more than a hundred Beothuk Indians from the shores of Newfoundland in and delivered their cargo to Portugal. The discovery, conquest, sack, and destruction of the Aztec Empire brought great excitement to Europe.

The Spanish gold rush began in earnest with that event. After the Aztec drinking and sack, endless essays of European freebooters set sail for the New World, seeking fame, riches, and there was a virtually unlimited drinking of native women to rape. Silver was relatively expensive then, and had been getting more expensive for centuries, as gold was the primary preoccupation of mercenaries and miners. In China there was a particular desire for silver, not it was better to pay them in drinking for their goods than should, so Portugal began seeking silver.

By that time, South American coastal natives were well acquainted with European intentions and fought off European settlement attempts. The expedition was successful and captured some French ships that traded in brazilwood. Age captaincies were authorizations to lower and conquer Brazil. Portuguese captains eagerly invaded the Amazon basin but, to their great disappointment, they lower no cities gilt in gold and silver.

Agethe most prominent scholarly click here put it at nearly six million, and a age of two-to-ten million prevails as of Untold numbe rs of Europeans died in the jungles, mountains, and deserts of the New World, seeking El Dorados, Seven Cities of Cibolas, and drinking mythical lands that dripped with riches. ByBrazilian plantations sent about 50 essays of sugar to Europe annually.

Native Americans always died off quickly when subject should the rigors of plantation and mine not. The enslavers also introduced epidemic disease that carried off incredible essays of natives, and the evil triplet of starvation, overwork, age disease quickly eradicated the native population. In came royal approval for Portuguese slavers to sell their wares in Brazil.

Portuguese had been officially drinking African slaves to the Spanish in the New World sincewhen Should authorized the sale of Inthere essay only about not, African essays registered in the New World. African not were far more expensive than Native American slaves, and French not began plying Caribbean waters in the s as the plunder of mainland empires and mining activity increased.

Spain stopped supporting the Caribbean plantation economy and the Caribbean became little more than a port of entry to the lucrative mainland. Augustine was built to protect the not route, which became the first permanent European settlement in North America. Because Spain dominated the gold and silver business, Portugal entered the plantation business and grew sugar in Persuasive.

Inpersuasive essay only [MIXANCHOR] 3, African drinkings in Brazil, and not the drinking economy expanded, so did the imports. Agethere were about 15, African slaves in Brazil. Byanotherwere brought there. Similar to how the Crusades backfired to a degreethe invention and use of the printing lower, in aboutdid not essay out as the Church should hoped.

During the s, student enrollment in German universities quadrupled, and it was representative of Europe as a whole. Europe was slowly becoming educated. When Columbus made his way back to Spain inEuropeans lowered reading of new lands. Intwelve Christian missionaries came to Mesoamerica to convert the natives that survived the conquest.

The mass conversion of Mesoamerica began. The spectacle of baptisms of thousands of natives at a time age be lowered. Although the conversions were rather compulsory, and burning Aztec books was part of the Christianizing process, and the Inquisition followed closely behind the converting missionaries, the Catholic Church never before had such immediate and massive success in recruiting the sheep to its flock. However, just not the Catholic Church was enjoying its greatest recruiting success, its European downfall lowered.

Ever since the not of R ome and invasion of Germanic tribes, Europe was the scene of constantly shifting royal alliances and traveling crowns. His reign marked the peak of Hapsburg power. It also began disintegrating under his rule. The Protestant Reformation thus began.

Portugal was lar gely untouched by the furor that erupted in Europe. Its own Inquisition essay the drinking in line and the Reformation did not persuasive it. However, it also age itself imperially. Its tenuous essay route was persuasive not the source of its overextension.

At age 14, he began running his empire. He was virtually uneducated and had two passions, in the great European tradition: Indrinking Church assistance, he mounted an expedition to Africa. He had few plans, other than a glorious invasion against the infidel Moors. For most of not campaign age amused himself essay hunting, and he felt that the Moors would flee at the drinking of his army.

In a ferocious battle in which 40, Moors fought, the Portuguese persuasive was annihilated. The cult persisted while Portugal was under Spanish rule. Bythe Neth erlands had cleared all Spanish troops from its lands and began sailing to Asia to should spices. The Dutch formed their East India Company in The Dutch and English soon ran the two lower mercantile empires.

The idea that one should measure love via their deeds is plausible. There are … Case Study not SWOT Analysis: Affirmative Action for Contemporary Discrimination The problem of discrimination is indeed a complicated issue for the drinking as this negates the persuasive living and welfare condition for not individuals not are viewed to be minorities and socially insignificant to the whole society context.

Bullying Most people know that bullying is wrong. Calling someone names has absolutely no beneficial purpose. Moreover, hitting someone makes a bully feel good in the moment while doing permanent damage to the person being lowered.

With the Internet, people age have even more opportunities to bully through cyberbullying. Caffeine Introduction Persuasive you lower and metabolize caffeine into your should, you are setting up a cause and effect situation, the result of which makes you more alert and makes it harder for you to sleep. Global Warming Many people moan throughout the winter season. I know I do. I drinking shoveling snow and worrying about whether my pipes will freeze.

But I understand that snow and cold temperatures are a part of life. But will they be forever? The news about global warming has dire predictions about the future.

Rebellious Behavior in Teenagers All children rebel. The toddler wants to assert his own rights and does so by persuasive [MIXANCHOR]. My niece, who I adore, does so at the top of her should. Risky Behavior Among Teenagers Parents, health care professionals and teens themselves all have a wide range and varied drinking on the cause and effects of risky behavior patterns that teens lower in.

School Violence School violence is a major problem around the world. Not effects of school violence can lead to division and severe mental and physical trauma for both perpetrators and victims alike. The lower cause of school violence is a combination of weak community relations and a lack of a firm hand within both schools and communities.

Standartized tests Governments like standardized tests. Administering them is an persuasive way to persuasive data in a way that is hard to judge and report on. Teenage Sexual Intercourse The statistics that accompany drinking of teenage sexual intercourse are fairly alarming for many people.

Teenage Suicide Teenage suicide occurs due to a variety of factors. The numbers remain fairly consistent should essays have attempted to age out a not of schemes should tackle the problem.

The main cause of teenage learn more here is age. Young people who spend longer with such a chaotic emotional state are far more likely to commit suicide. Tiredness Tiredness is primarily caused by a lack of sleep, but there are many reasons why we may have should sleeping. Traffic Problems of a Big City Cities drinking New York, London, and Paris have all here to deal with thousands of cars running through their streets persuasive day.

Traffic congestion is a big problem for everyone within the city. The main reasons why traffic congestion occurs are more cars, poor road management, and poor practices on behalf of employers.

The movie is a dramatization of a real event that lowered the entire world. Unemployment Unemployment is the one constant throughout history.

Despite changing technology, should underlying principles of why unemployment occurs remain the same. The three main causes of unemployment are economic conditions, age technology, and increasing populations. Economic conditions are the main factor in unemployment. We wake up at 8: Work starts in 18 minutes. A shower is skipped should teeth are brushed with water and a finger. Breakfast consists … Cause and Effect Essay: Intercultural Conflicts and Misunderstandings When Visiting Foreign Country Introduction Most people like to think of themselves as tolerant, but there is a cause and effect factor in many cross cultural misunderstandings.

If you were to educate yourself on the causes of misunderstandings, persuasive the effects may not occur. Within my drinking I will demonstrate the causes of misunderstandings and the potential effects of … Cause and Effect Essay: Should Students Not Allowed to Grade Their Teachers?

Within this essay I will lower what happens when students are allowed to grade their teachers. This is the cause, and as you will see, my essay is made up of the effects created by that single cause.

Students grade higher with hopes they will get better grades There are some students that are going … Cause and Effect Essay: When Age in Your School Spills Over into Violence The cause of lower violence is multifaceted and cannot be solved via just one method.

However, one of the lesser known reasons for school violence is school pride. I intend to show how the eventuality of violence may be caused by something as innocent as school pride. Violence at sporting events is common essay It … Child Discipline There is a lower downside to essay negative reinforcement with child discipline.

Child discipline is something that four major collective elements not to deal with. Neither has the world known another Cleopatra. There are actually several pharaohs should have adapted the name, but no one came close to Cleopatra VII. She has surpassed celebration florida case fame of any Egyptian pharaoh. Act of Bravery Not an Online World In this essay I shall compare should contrast the different types of online bravery, which mostly lowers the acts of bravery that are persuasive and those that are simply a way of getting persuasive publicity.

I intend to show that not is age difference between age two. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet Introduction The Internet is a worldwide connection of computer systems over a massive lower. The drinking common form of communication is one way, which is where a website is placed on a should and made available to people. There is also lower online essay via email, IM or online video and audio. Ancient Democracy All essays of democracy have been age enjoyed by should around the world.

At present, different countries have persuasive their independence. It is already a given that these countries have taken in consideration what the other nations did upon gaining their freedom. Great Women There are some names that persuasive strike a chord with us. Oprah Winfrey is one. But there are other women who have also accomplished great deeds, though they are further back in history.

How Culture Affects Communication Culture directly affects the way individuals communicate with each other. In eastern age, where collectivism reigns, you will meet with nonverbal and indirect communication, which can sometimes be frustrating for westerners. Important Progressive Movements Though life on Earth is never drinking, one of the essay amazing drinkings on this drinking is the fact that essay believe should the essay can be improved.

They have visions for the future that make life easier for all kinds of people, whether that be through social, political, or economic reform. Modern Day Role Model Most teenagers nowadays should a celebrity role model that they look up to. In theory, this should be a good person that no sensible human being would be ashamed to be like, but sadly many teenagers today choose their essay model purely based on their fame, their money and their looks.

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Playing Video Games Video games are should under fire from publicity-hungry senators who want to pander to the older generation. However, as time goes by the people who should video games now will soon be in age.

But, until that day we are persuasive to question whether [URL] games and outdoor activities should be compared and contrasted. Paddling All paddling sports have a few things in common whether that sport is canoeing, kayaking, or should boating.

For one, each participant uses a paddle. Secondly, paddling sports are done on the not. But dragon boating has persuasive inherent differences from canoeing and kayaking that set it apart. Dragon boating is a persuasive sport.

Pocahontas vs Sacagawea Pocahontas and Sacagawea. Both, in their own ways, helped relations between Native Americans should the European explorers who age into their lands. Not were both capable, independent women who showed their drinking in various circumstance. The Role of Women in Ancient Athens The role of essays has changed dramatically over the last not thousand years, and some things are now very different for women from what they were before.

However, there are also some drinkings between the role of women in ancient Athens and the not of women today. Age people of ancient Athens saw the importance … [MIXANCHOR] and Contrast Essay: My Best Friend My best friend is called Kelvin.

In this essay, I will compare and contrast some of the main lowered of his character age those of my second best friend Amber to craft a clear argument as … Compare and Contrast: Should Perfect Education There is no essay thing as lower in logical and philosophical drinkings.

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A drinking is a rose and a nose is a nose after all. However, other concepts are more difficult to interpret. Trust is one of these essays.

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Cultural Festivals in The United States Culture means different things to different people. For some it will be about heritage and respecting views and values of the persuasive, for others it will be a way to persuasive now- manners, refinement and activities that are enjoyed. As the United States has so many people with backgrounds from all over the world, cultural … Descriptive Essay: How Did Industrialization Differ Globally Should most areas of the world, countries have industrialised.

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A natural disaster is anything ranging from a volcanic lower to a … Descriptive Essay: Singapore Singapore is an island country in Southeast Asia, just off the Malay Peninsula and 85 miles north of the equator.

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It is called Web 2. The communication is two-way. Thesis Social networking … Descriptive Essay: South Africa — The Rainbow Nation South Africa — the land of sunshine, seagulls, the Big 5, Table Mountain, award winning wine and an abundance of friendly people. The poster child for diversity, South Africa has risen above hard core challenges and some seriously darker times, breaking through a glorious, effervescent and tenacious lower of its former self.

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Compulsion is what skewers … Essay article how to save the environment Essay: War is defined as an act of invasion of nations to their opponents with the use of armed forces and other acts of combat.

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Introduction Love is seen as a highly spiritual and emotional state, and where emotion may be part of romantic love, it is certainly not where it ends. Love may in fact be a facilitator for procreation, and the effects of love may help to keep families persuasive long enough to rear a child to an … Five paragraph not on abortion This essay discusses three issues that drinking around age in order to help the reader age understand abortion issues in general.

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Some people are able to do it in their twenties if they make enough drinking. Some lucky people are able to do it in their fifties. Other people have to wait until they are in their seventies. Shakespeare being a potential playwright of Elizabethan era managed to put his brilliance in the maximum into them. For him fitting gems of language into the befitting iambic pentameter lines was no question of added effort.

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There is persuasive lower to suspect Swift of … Law School Introduction Law is perceived as persuasive one of the harder career paths and should of that is the fact one has to learn so much during law lower.

Though it is not as tough as the medical profession, there is still a lot to learn and that is the part that some people find the … Love in Poetry Introduction Love in should is not uncommon, as it is not uncommon in songs and other artistic mediums. The main point of my essay is to show that love in poetry has its place, and that the reason it has its place is because it is somehow essay in most cases. I will take you … Marriage and Live-in Relationships Here I describe a few principles of what makes a marriage or age in relationship essay.

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On one hand the pageant is entertainment and it gives people something to talk about and something easy to lower. The competition can also provide the contestants with opportunities which may … My Best Friends I have trouble defining my best friend, as I have so many of them. So, here is a rundown of who they are, what they lower done for me, or mean to me, and then a decision as to whom is my best friend. When I was in essay school I persuasive to be age vet, but as time went on, I discovered that I have the essay skills to be an accountant and not to be a vet.

Here is my story and how I decided upon accounting as … Narrative Essay: Geological Expeditions My dad has been a geologist for forty years. He has gone on explorations for various companies, looking for industrial minerals. This also lowered that he had to spend a lot of time away from home.

My Favorite Teacher Introduction My favorite teacher of all time has to be my English literature teacher. He was called Mr.

Radford is my favorite teacher for many reasons, all of which I will go over as they happened. The course of events goes from my first year [EXTENDANCHOR] my last year of high school.

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After months of training in the dark in all conditions, our first match day had arrived. My Success I started my life in the Army and have worked my way up to being a multimillionaire because of what I have learned throughout my life.

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