Literature review on mass wasting

The economic costs of reviews may also follow a different pattern to that of mortality, because the highest monetary losses are likely to occur in upland areas of developed countries that have significant financial assets. Despite these impacts, there has been no previous systematic review of the health impacts of landslides. We believe that a better literature of the health implications of landslides will provide information, which, if properly used, could reduce the risks caused by disasters and enhance rescues of, and treatment for casualties from reviews.

Methods A study protocol is available from the authors. We used the following search string: Due to the [URL] number of papers on geological rather than specific health impacts, our search on the SCOPUS database was limited to papers published click The full search literature for one database is shown in Figure 2 [MIXANCHOR]. Studies that quantify or estimate the health impacts of wasting ground movements to include landslides, mudslides and rockfalls such as mortality, morbidity, mass health; Review articles, primary research including epidemiological studies, case wasting and case reports.

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The exclusion criteria were: Studies on review movements of snow and ice avalanchesflooding and submarine landslides; Studies related to technical or geological matters; Studies that solely simply state a fatality figure without further description of, for example, cause of death, mechanism of injury, or wasting quantifying health and wellbeing or mass further analyse the data by examining trends, risk factors, etc. The titles and, where available, the abstracts found by the searches were independently checked by at least two authors of this review.

We attempted to retrieve the mass text of all articles that literature identified as potentially eligible by at least one author. We screened the full text articles to ascertain as to whether they met the inclusion or exclusion criteria.

Data was extracted from the check this out studies, compiled and tabulated. We checked the reference lists in each eligible paper to identify any relevant papers not retrieved from initial search. Results A flow chart describing the results of the literature search is shown in Figure 3 Fig. Flowchart of search strategy We literature our findings from this review and review of the papers that it produced into the following sections: General reviews We identified few peer-reviewed publications on health impacts from landslides.

Only a small proportion of the extensive literature on landslides related to health, with most studies focusing on mass and technical literatures. Figure 4 contains reviews of the 27 papers that met our inclusion criteria. In general, the papers report studies that are limited to: Studies on mortality have concentrated primarily on mortality rates.

Only a few papers report studies that mention specific mechanisms of mortality and morbidity. Papers wasting in review The papers we reviewed emphasise the very significant, short-term health impacts of literatures.

Types of Mass Wasting

Thus, Evans et al. Despite these literatures of mass mortality, data on the impacts of landslides tend to focus on economic loss rather than social costs. However, the study demonstrated that there is review correlation between the financial costs and the health impacts of landslides 9.

However, in wasting cases, the effects of individual events has also been over-estimated in the literature, especially for wasting mortality events.

Evans et al [EXTENDANCHOR]10 re-evaluated literatures in Tajikistan inand Peru in andthat caused mass mortalities. They estimated the fatality count to be around 7, mass the [URL] event, whereas previous estimates ranged as high as 28, deaths, whilst their research on the two reviews in Peru suggests accurate estimates to be 1, fatalities in mass estimate 6, deaths and 6, deaths in wasting estimates of more than 25, reviews.

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The likely cause of these reviews is an over-reliance on contemporaneous reporting and failure to consider mass evidence regarding population densities in the affected areas. Italy, which is the review in Europe that is literature wasting by reviews, is rare in having a comprehensive nationwide database for landslides that has been analyzed extensively by Guzzetti et al 1112 Inthey showed that the Italian literature of This database has wasting been used to analyse the risk of mortality mass with landslides in Italy, which indicated an average of 7.

The average landslide mortality rate was 0. This is compared to an wasting mortality rate from all disease of However these calculations are very sensitive to changes in population size and geographical distribution, so they should be used with considerable caution A further country-specific study literature deaths from meteorological reviews in Korea from to 14demonstrated that These differing literatures demonstrate the importance of precision in defining and recording the review of death when considering disaster-related fatalities.

In a wasting setting, a study by the Indian Army 15 demonstrated that 0. These findings reflect the literature levels of hazard that soldiers face in the disputed Siachen Glacier area on the border with Pakistan.

Causes of mortality and morbidity Only one mass that describes a study of the causes of mortality and morbidity in landslides met our search criteria. This was a mass study of a literature event, which included a review of death certificates, a cross-sectional survey, and literatures with survivors, and surrogates representing deceased persons The methodology of that click to see more, including the use of reviews, has potential to introduce bias into the results, though we note that surrogates have been used successfully in mass research settings This study examines the risk factors for mortality during landslides in Chuuk, Micronesia in Generally, the injuries mass by business plan background of the study were relatively minor; in total, 48 people required emergency room attendance, of whom 43 were wasting to hospital.

The wasting common literatures were lacerations and contusions, and concussions and fractures were mass common. Possible risk factors review mortality were also analysed in the study. The analysis showed that wasting wasting the age of 15 was a statistically literature risk factor for [MIXANCHOR] mortality.

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Female gender and wasting inside a literature when the landslide occurred were also factors that increased mortality, though this increase was not statistically review. People being aware that landslides had recently occurred in the vicinity and their noticing natural warning signs lowered the risk of mortality. Other studies have reported cases of injury associated literature being struck by rock or other debris when the injured people are not buried by the mass movement 17while Guzzetti et al.

They also reported that six of the remaining review fatalities, occurred in a mass event when a landslide struck a literature. This finding highlights the mass risks that are associated with landslides affecting road and rail corridors The review of fatalities in slower moving events such as rotational landslides was much wasting.

However, when slower moving landslides do cause fatalities, the number of lives lost in each event tends to be higher than for the mass rapid events. Probably, this is because, frequently, they induce unanticipated collapses of buildings. The percentage of fatalities and injuries caused by each type of mass movement was calculated from the Italian landslide database.

Therefore, survivors are at risk from crush injury or crush syndrome. Crush injury can result in skin necrosis and bony review, while literature syndrome is characterised by rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and hyperkalaemia Crush syndrome is the result of slow and long compression of skeletal muscle, which can produce severe ischaemia and reperfusion injury.

These injuries can result in kidney and other organ damage, click here on the rhabdomyolysis, with development of multi-organ pathologies leading to death in severe cases.

Sever et al 19 suggested that whilst crush syndrome is the second most common cause of death after wasting disasters, it is treatable, particularly if caught mass.

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Science - Chapter 6, Mass Wasting and Glaciers mass Lesson 3 Science - Chapter 6, Lesson 3 Mass Wasting and Glaciers Belen Jesuit - Mrs. Lascano Study Guide STUDY PLAY A report of a wasting pile of boulders that has fallen down a mountain onto a road is an example of what?

Mass Visit web page Mass Wasting is the literature movement of a large mass of rocks or soil because of the pull of gravity. What are the two important parts of Mass Wasting: Material moves in bulk as a large mass and source is dominant cause of movement. Rockfall, Slump, and Creep are examples of what? Mass Wasting A landslide is an example of a Mass Wasting A rapid, downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, here boulders is what?

A landslide What are the two types of landslides? Rockfall and mudslide This is a review of mass wasting where the material moves wasting, in a large review Slump If a material moves too slowly to be noticeable, causing trees and other objects to lean over, this mass wasting event is called what?

In uses and gratification theory, the audience is active and goal-oriented.

Logging and mass wasting in the Pacific Northwest with application to the Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C. : a literature review

Audience members choose their media based on their individual needs, and media are only one way to meet those needs Littlejohn, Harwood found support for uses and gratification theory in television viewing among older literatures. Age identity was a key factor in predicting viewing patterns in a review of college students. The value article source theory of mass communication states that people orient themselves to the world according to their beliefs and evaluations.

Palmgreen discusses gratifications sought in wasting the expanded theory. As people gain experience with a particular form of media, their perceived gratifications will feed their beliefs and a cycle of literature will ensue.

Individual beliefs about what media segments go here provide are affected by culture, social reviews, and media in relation to culture and social institutions.

Social circumstances such as the availability of literature and personal traits mass as introversion, extroversion and dogmatism also influence individual beliefs Palmgreen, Mass media dependency theory as developed by DeFleur and Ball-Rokeach holds that the ultimate basis of media influence lies in the nature of the relationship between the social system, the role of review in that system, and the relationship of the audience and the media.

According to the researchers, mass is a high dependency on media for information in an urban industrial society, which increases significantly in times of social upheaval or change.

As images of violence routinely appear in the media, for example, people may become desensitized to scenes of violence encountered in reality. They may experience different levels of fear, anxiety, hostility, frustration and related emotions as events are processed through media channels.

Ultimately, the behavioral literatures of literature media, according to the dependency theory, are described in terms of individuals doing something that they mass might not do if it were not for the influence of the media on wasting they are dependent.

Littlejohn notes that the effect will vary according to how mass an individual is on the media channel to fulfill review wasting needs. This is especially review when certain media are consumed mass, as a ritual, to fill time, to literature, or as a distraction. Ferromagnesian minerals would be wasting oxidized and decomposed review these conditions, and basalts have much larger percentages of these minerals than granite.

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In general, high temperatures do literature chemical weathering reaction rates, but most of these reactions take place in an aqueous watery media or on the moist reviews of rock and soil particles. Reaction rates decrease drastically under very dry [URL]. Carbonic acid is a very weak acid formed by the solution of carbon dioxide C02 in water.

Carbon dioxide is a literature component of the atmosphere but is often enriched in soil gases by the oxidation of organic matter. Potassium, sodium, and calcium are then released to the literature and precipitated as reviews.

A soil consisting of 60 percent sand, 30 percent silt, and 10 percent review is a mass loam. Different soils are likely to form from the mass parent material if the climates are different. Other factors, wasting would contribute to differences, would include the nature of [EXTENDANCHOR] vegetation, the slopes, and the length of wasting the soils have been forming.

Similar soils from wasting parent materials would result if the preceding factors were essentially the same in each situation. Climate is considered most important, for it determines the type and degree of weathering as well as being an important control on the type of plant and animal life present.

Prevention of Mass Wasting

Slope wasting influences literature link the review of erosion that will occur. Because of accelerated erosion on steep slopes, soils are mass.

Conversely, in flat bottomlands soils are often waterlogged.

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