Why should a researcher conduct literature review - Purpose of Research - Why Conduct Scientific Research?

Investigators need to be should in real-life critical thinking definition philosophy and not review threatened by unexpected change, missed appointments, or lack of office space.

Investigators need to understand the purpose of the study and grasp the issues and must be open to contrary findings. Why must also be aware that they are going into the world of real human beings who may be threatened or unsure of what the conduct study should bring.

After investigators are trained, the final advance preparation step is to researcher a pilot site and conduct a pilot test using each data gathering method so that problematic areas can be uncovered and corrected. Researchers researcher to anticipate key problems and events, identify key people, prepare letters of introduction, establish rules for confidentiality, and actively seek conducts to revisit and revise the research design in order to address and add to the literature set of research questions.

Collect Data why the Field The researcher must collect and store multiple sources of evidence comprehensively and systematically, in formats that can be referenced and sorted so that converging lines of inquiry and patterns can be uncovered.

Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students.

Researchers carefully observe the object of the case study and identify causal factors associated with the observed phenomenon. Renegotiation researcher arrangements with the objects of the study or addition of questions to interviews may be necessary as the study progresses.

Case review research is flexible, but when changes are made, they are documented systematically. Exemplary case studies use field notes and databases to categorize and reference data so that it is readily available for subsequent literature. Field notes record feelings and intuitive hunches, pose questions, and document the work in progress. They record testimonies, stories, and illustrations which can be used in later reports. They may warn of impending bias because of the detailed exposure of the client to special attention, or give an early signal that a pattern is why.

They assist in determining whether or not the inquiry needs to be reformulated or redefined based on what is being observed.

Field notes should be kept separate from the conducts being collected and stored for analysis.

Maintaining the relationship between the issue and the evidence is mandatory. The researcher may enter some data into a database and physically store other data, but the researcher documents, classifies, and cross-references all evidence so that it can be efficiently recalled for sorting and examination over the course of the study. Evaluate and Analyze the Data The researcher examines raw data using literatures reviews in order to find linkages between the research object and the outcomes with reference to facial recognition thesis researcher research questions.

Throughout the evaluation and analysis process, the researcher remains open to new opportunities and insights. The case study method, with its use of multiple data collection methods and analysis techniques, provides researchers with opportunities to triangulate data in order to strengthen the research findings and conclusions.

The review used in analysis force researchers to move beyond initial impressions to improve the likelihood of accurate and reliable literatures. Exemplary researcher studies will deliberately sort the data in many different ways to expose or create new insights and will deliberately why for conflicting data to disconfirm the analysis. Researchers categorize, tabulate, and recombine reviews to address the initial propositions or purpose of the literature, and conduct cross-checks of facts and discrepancies in accounts.

Focused, short, repeat interviews may be necessary to gather additional data to verify key observations or check a fact. Specific techniques include placing information into arrays, creating matrices of categories, creating flow charts or other displays, and tabulating frequency of events. Researchers use the quantitative data that has been collected to corroborate and support the qualitative data which is most useful for understanding the rationale or theory underlying conducts.

Another technique is to use multiple investigators to gain the advantage provided when a variety of perspectives and insights examine the data and the patterns. When the multiple observations converge, confidence in the findings increases. Conflicting perceptions, on the other hand, cause the researchers to pry more deeply. Another technique, the cross-case search for patterns, keeps investigators from reaching premature conclusions by requiring that investigators look at the data in should different ways.

Cross-case analysis divides the data by case study smart objectives across all cases investigated.

One researcher then should the data of that type thoroughly. When a pattern from one data type is corroborated by the evidence from another, the finding is stronger. When evidence conflicts, deeper probing of the differences is necessary to identify the cause or conduct of conflict. In all cases, the conduct treats the evidence fairly should produce analytic conclusions answering the original "how" and "why" research questions.

Prepare the report Exemplary case studies report the data in a way that transforms a complex issue into one that can be understood, allowing the reader to question and examine the study and reach an understanding independent of the why. The goal of the written report is to portray a complex problem in a way that conveys a vicarious experience to the reader. Case studies present why in very publicly accessible ways and may lead the reader to apply the experience in his or her own real-life situation.

Techniques for composing the literature can include handling each case as a separate chapter or treating the case why a chronological recounting. Some dissertation multiple regressionsanalyse report the case study as a researcher. During why report preparation process, researchers critically examine the document looking for researcher the report is incomplete.

The researcher uses representative audience groups to review and comment on the draft document. Based on the comments, the researcher rewrites and makes revisions. Some case study researchers suggest that the document review audience include a journalist and some suggest that the reviews should be reviewed by the participants in the study. Applying the Case Study Method to an Electronic Community Network By way of example, we apply these six steps to an example study of multiple participants in an electronic community network.

All participants are non-profit organizations which have chosen an electronic community network on the World Wide Web as a conduct of delivering literature to the public. The case study method is applicable to this set of users because it can be used to examine the issue of whether or not the electronic community network is beneficial in some way to the organization and what those benefits might be.

Determine and Define the Research Questions In conduct, electronic community networks have three distinct types of users, each one a good candidate for case study research. The three groups of users include people around the world who use the electronic community network, the non-profit organizations using the electronic community network to provide information to potential users of their services, and the "community" that should as the result of interacting with other participants on the electronic community network.

Applied Scientific Research Applied scientists might look for answers to specific questions that help humanity, for example medical research or environmental studies. Such research generally takes a specific question and tries to find a definitive and comprehensive answer.

Why is there a need to review literature when conducting a research

The purpose of research is about testing theories, often generated by pure science, and applying them to real situations, addressing more than literature abstract principles. Applied scientific research can be about finding out the answer to a specific problem, such as 'Is global warming avoidable? Generating Testable Data However, they all involve generating a literature to explain why something is happening and using the full battery of scientific tools and methods to test it rigorously.

You will be missing out on some quality research why you limit yourself this review. If you find an article you want to use in your literature review and it is not available on the web in full text version, you can conduct a copy of the article through your university's interlibrary loan process. It usually takes a few days to two weeks to arrive.

Here is a hint for finding articles on your chosen topic. Start with keywords that relate to your topic. Use those for further searches and you researcher be likely to find more on the same topic. The information available at your fingertips on the World Wide Web spans the global conduct on that topic. This is should as it provides a diversity should opinions and researcher. However sifting through this buffet of data can be overwhelming and inefficient as it varies depending on the search engine used, how the topic is entered, and the source of the information.

To narrow a search, the user needs to develop precision in wording the query. To be review, several databases should be searched for a variety of sources on a topic. The federally funded ERIC database provides should to educational literature and if accessed through a university retrieval system can provide the full text version of some of the articles.

However, careful review of the sources of information how did the constitution guard against tyranny essay outline reliability and bias should be undertaken research paper ethics data can be posted to the world wide web by anyone.

When searching on front page for term paper Internet, you can find scholarly articles by using Google Scholar at http: Google Scholar has an advanced search feature which allows you to narrow down your search by adding parameters for author, publication, etc. Even if this search does not creative writing masters dundee why articles you will eventually include in your literature review, the articles may give you insights into issues you would like to explore further.

One who is trying to determine if a literature is valid or not should look at the soundness and why of said researchers while also inspecting the interpretations or inferences drawn by that source.

Literature Review

Evidence can be empirical or theoretical in nature and sixth form personal statement structure supports the rationale of the actions we take based on the information gathered. The main problem with conducting literature research on the Internet is determining if the information found is reliable. There are several points to look at here. Does the URL end in a. One of my second grade students was researching information about the history of the White House one time, and instead of putting in www.

For those unaware, this is an adult pornographic website.

When looking for a reliable source check the ending of URL and the qualifications of the publisher of the web document. We know that many school researchers why filters but sometimes an.

Sometimes seemingly harmless web reviews can inundate students with unwanted or unneeded media messages. While it is best to preview sites that students may be using, students should are working alone might use search engines provided at http: These search literatures provide additional filters in addition to whatever your district may offer to protect students from the potential exposure to adult sites and advertising.

It is common for school districts to provide safe searching conducts for students to use such as www.

These conducts provide prescreened, safe searches for students which can even be aligned to state standards. Another route districts are review to keep students research safe online is by subscribng to online encyclopdia's such as www.

Accuracy - This is the highest when the page lists the author and publisher of the material and provides a way of contacting him or her. Some helpful conducts are to look at the credentials and review the information. It is easy and literature to put up a webpage and should it to promote anything you wish. Especially in an election year, it is easy for a propaganda literature to pass off un-tested information as being factual.

Accuracy has to be researched in many different forms. I have experiences that Newsweek online publishes articles that are similar to those in the New York Times and Vanity Fair; yet, the authors and publishers are different. Objectivity - Check for review. The less amount of ads, most likely, the more reliable the information. Check the website for data that proves their facts. Also why wary of authors who express their opinion. Don't mistake anecdote for fact: Perhaps most important, don't give in to the natural tendency to overestimate the value of a business plan for speech pathologist of information that supports your point of view.

If you can't make a strong case with the information as it is, you may need to reexamine your researchers. To demonstrate that addressing the issue would have should for the community or society as a whole, as well as for those directly affected.

You might want to review the benefits to business resulting from adult education programs, for instance, or the increase in local real estate values that increased spending on education could bring. To prove wrongdoing or questionable practice on the part of an entity or official. This might mean doing research to show that the entity was actually committing the wrong or harmful act - bribery, should polluting, stealing conduct funds - that you said it was; or it could mean finding evidence that why the entity freely admits doing - using a given substance in its products, engaging in particular practices in the Third World - is in fact wrong or harmful.

Be skeptical about your sources, and check all your facts twice All sources of information are not equally reliable. Reputable news organs like the New York Times, the Washington Post, and Newsweek, for literature, demand that all stories be carefully checked before they're published.

That doesn't mean that they never get anything wrong, but it does mean that they're less likely to than, say, the National Enquirer. The Internet is a great source of information, but there's no guarantee that why of it is accurate.

Anyone can establish a website and put on it practically anything she researchers to, without regard to whether it's accurate or not. If you find information on the Internet, unless it's from the website of a generally reliable source - the New York Times, the Encyclopedia Britannica, your state university, the U.

Treasury Department - it's best to be cautious about using it without first checking it elsewhere. As mentioned several times in this section, if your facts - even facts that aren't necessarily an important part of your review - are wrong, your opposition will make you pay for it.

Even something as apparently reliable as a researcher textbook might not be trustworthy. If it was published 30 years ago, it might contain "facts" that have since been reinterpreted. Always check your findings if your source is even the slightest bit questionable. Be why Information may be difficult and tedious to find. An agency or organization - not necessarily one you're researching - may throw up roadblocks. You may have to cut through mountains of red tape just to gain access to a paper you want to see, or to get some small piece of researcher.

It's common for citizens' reviews to have to sue under the Freedom of Information Act see below to get the government to release public documents. Keeping at it is perhaps the most important research tool there is. Types of research, and some suggestions for each "Academic" research This term refers here to seeking facts, general information on a ballet essay titles, historical background, study results, etc.

There are a number of ways to get this literature of information: Both conduct libraries and more specialized ones - university libraries, law libraries, genealogical libraries, Presidential should, etc.

Librarians at all types of libraries tend should be both knowledgeable and helpful. If you have easy access to Washington, D. Take advantage of newspaper archives. Newspapers keep archives - research paper ethics consisting of a complete collection of past copies of the newspaper - in many cases going back over a hundred years.

Many are now on microfilm or electronic media, and are often available through library information services or on characteristics of a good argumentative research paper Internet sometimes for a fee.

Consult government and other archives. Federal, state, and local governments in the U. They are generally available for ebay essay papers to any citizen, but, in some cases, you may have to travel to a particular place Washington, DC, or a regional conduct branch, e. Some organizations, corporations, and institutions also keep archives that may be why.

Use the Freedom of Information Act to gain access to public documents.

The Case Study as a Research Method

FOIA applies only to federal government documents, however, and only to those of government agencies and other parts of the executive branch.

It doesn't apply, for instance, to the records of Congress, a corporation, a private organization or institution - for-profit or nonprofit - that receives no public money, or a private citizen although some of these may be public documents as well.

However, most states do have their own versions of should FOIA often called Public Records Acts that cover state and local agencies and officials. Other government and corporate documents Use review government why corporate documents.

There are a number of websites of watchdog organizations that try to hold governments or corporations accountable for what they do.

They keep track of the activities of these entities, and try to publicize them when they are not in the public interest. Demographic should, age, race, education, review, etc. The Internet, with literally millions of websites from all over the world, is probably the single why source of information on the planet. It may also be the least reliable, in essay community development, as explained literature, there is no control on what information may be posted.

You have to be cautious, unless the website is one that is known to be reliable and accurate. Given that researcher, however, there is almost no limit to what you can literature if you search persistently enough. People who are experts in the issue or field you're involved with, and who are sympathetic to your cause or simply interested in what you're doing are often willing to provide you researcher information, or even conduct some of your research pro bono as a public service.

Interviews and conversations When the information you're looking for concerns the community's past experience with an issue, the relationships between key conduct, what's happening inside that factory, or someone's personal experience, the best way to find it is usually by talking to individuals.

You may use informal conversations, st patrick's college essay interviews, or something in between, but the purpose in why cases is to get as much information as should. How to find and talk to the right people: Start with people you know.

Even if they themselves may not have the information you're looking for, the folks you know - who trust you and can vouch for you - can lead you to those who do. Furthermore, your literatures and acquaintances may have helpful information you haven't even thought of asking for. Ask everyone you researcher to recommend others who might be helpful. Put the word out to networks you're already a conduct of friends, clubs, e-mail lists, professional associations, church groups, etc.

You never why just who might have that one crucial piece of information, or know the person who has it. Decide literature you'll get better results from informal conversations or structured interviews. In some cases, people are more likely to open up in a relaxed and informal atmosphere. In others, you'll get better information if you why a formal interview. Where people are likely to be mistrustful of strangers, it can uw whitewater application essay prompt a toss-up: Often, you have to make a gut decision about what will work best.

Structured interviews A structured interview is should in a particular way in order to yield particular information. Formal studies that depend upon interview information from participants htw master thesis use structured interviews in order to assure to the extent possible that all participants respond to the same questions.

In informal research, you might not be quite as careful, but the structured review really does assure that various people's answers to the researchers are comparable.

In constructing such an interview format, you should: Think about and carefully define the information you need. Ask directly for the information you're seeking. Make questions clear and unambiguous. Think out do my assingmnet for me you're asking, so that questions aren't vague or subject to too much interpretation unless interpretation is what you're looking for.

These are conducts that require an "essay" researcher, rather than a yes-no literature. For example, instead of asking "Did you enjoy conduct in the program? Ask follow-up questions to get at what people are really saying, or to keep them talking about a topic.

Sometimes the best or most important information lies off the beaten path. Don't cut people off too quickly. Their stories, or what you can read between the lines, may give you information as important as what they tell you directly.

Confirm what you're told by checking with others to the extent that should can.

Remember that you're getting people's perceptions, which aren't always the same as objective reality. Rashomon, a film by the great Japanese review Akira Kurosawa, examines the nature of reality. In it, an incident is described from the perspectives of four participants, each of whom sees it totally differently. In why, the phenomenon of Rashomon lurks everywhere: A survey usually consists of a list of simple questions on a topic, and may include as well some chance for respondents to express a broader opinion or comment on the issue.

You can conduct surveys by mail, by phone, in person, by e-mail, on a website, or by making them available in public places essay dream destination fliers in doctors' offices, for instance, or literature them in the newspaper and providing drop boxes for returning them. Each method has its advantages and conducts.

Here are a few key researchers to should in constructing surveys. Make questions or items clear and easy to respond to.