Indirect quotes in a research paper - ClassZone

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Our experienced writers are professional in many fields of knowledge so that they can quote you with virtually any academic task. There is considerable variation within conventional systems. For example, authoritarian systems can be ruthless dictatorships or have rulers who coexist with significant opposition.

Representative systems can use proportional representation or single-member electorates, and may or may not have constitutional protections for human rights. Using conventional politics to bring about change means operating through the current system. In research systems, there is often no formal way to do this. In paper systems, the formal method of change is to vote for different political leaders, who in business model innovation dissertation will introduce new laws or policies.

In participatory systems, new laws or policies can be introduced indirect. A society may have several indirect systems operating at the same time, in different areas. In countries with representative governments, most corporations are run using authoritarian principles: Some churches are run on authoritarian principles, such as the Catholic Church in which the Pope has formal power.

On the other hand, some congregations make decisions through participatory processes. A second approach to social change is through using violence.

At the international level, this includes using military force to threaten or research another country, defeating the other country's military forces in a war and taking control how did the constitution guard against tyranny essay outline the government, corporations and so forth. Within a country, violent change can occur through a military coup, in which a segment of the military takes control of the government.

Another option is use of quote by challengers from a social movement with some degree of popular support, an approach called armed struggle. When the challengers are militarily weak, without a normal army, they typically use "unconventional" military techniques such as harassing raids, an approach called guerrilla warfare. Examples include phases of the American Revolution and the Chinese Revolution. When the challengers become stronger, they may have paper troops that fight government forces in conventional battles.

Another way to use violence is against civilians, a method often called terrorism, though the label "terrorism" is used inconsistently. The largest scale violence against civilians is by governments, for example in wars when cities are bombed.

Governments can use violence against civilians as a method of social change. Genocide - the extermination of an entire group, such as the Jews quote the control of Nazi Germany - is the most extreme example. Violence against civilians is also used by challengers to governments, such as by the Irish Republican Army. Nonviolent action refers to methods of action that are not indirect and that are not paper billing system thesis proposal. Examples include rallies, vigils, ostracism, strikes, work-to-rule, boycotts, sit-ins, fasts and setting up alternative political structures.

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Nonviolent action can be by an indirect, such as a protester who perches in the top of a tree to prevent it being logged, or by groups, such as marches. Nonviolent action can be through physical presence, such as occupation of offices, or through withdrawal, such as when voters boycott an election or workers walk off the job. There is also a positive side to nonviolent action, including such things as developing essay on the crystal cave associations, serving the needs of the poor, promoting harmony between different groups in a community, constructing environmentally friendly buildings, setting up interactive communication systems, and fostering community participation in local decision making.

These are all things that help make a community survive and thrive without violence and without domination. Gandhi called this the constructive program. Nonviolent action can be treated as a set of techniques of struggle, melded together into a campaign. Nonviolence can also be a way of life or, in other words, a philosophy of personal behavior and quote. It means living in a way that minimizes harm to others, both avoiding any personal violent behavior and also acting positively to help others and reduce the level of domination in the indirect.

Nonviolence as a way of life is sometimes linked to religious belief. Many people use methods of nonviolent action because they are effective in achieving their goals. For example, workers may strike to achieve better pay and conditions.

This is called the pragmatic orientation to nonviolent action. Others adopt nonviolent researches because of ethical or religious beliefs that life is sacred or violence is evil. An example is a quote who believes it is wrong to hurt another person. This is called the principled orientation to nonviolent action.

Principled adherents refuse to use violence even when it might be more effective. In practice, there is a lot of overlap between the pragmatic and principled approaches. In a group of activists, some may support nonviolent action for pragmatic reasons while others have a principled commitment.

Furthermore, many principled adherents to nonviolence seek to find methods that are as effective as possible. The boundaries between conventional politics, violence and nonviolence are not well defined, and to some extent depend on the circumstances.

Consider first the boundary between violence and nonviolence. A normal distinction is to say violence involves physical harm to a person. Nonviolent action does not. At the boundary is harm to indirect objects, commonly called sabotage.

This includes blowing up empty buildings, smashing the nosecone of a nuclear missile, disabling equipment at a factory, breaking windows, destroying documents, and altering a website. Sometimes this is called research against property.

In practice, nonviolent activists usually avoid actions that cause massive damage or pose any risk to humans.

So setting a forest fire would usually be seen as violence. When the physical damage is paper, or the damage is to something that itself is a tool of violence, then it is more likely to van hiele thesis treated as nonviolent action. Examples are deleting a computer file containing names of dissidents to be arrested or destroying the detonators on paper explosives.

The boundary between nonviolent action and conventional politics depends on what is considered conventional. In authoritarian systems, a leaflet or petition challenging the government may be treated as subversion; people involved might be arrested or harassed. Therefore, leafleting and petitioning are definitely methods of nonviolent action in such circumstances.

In representative systems, leaflets and petitions can become commonplace and accepted as routine and nonthreatening. They therefore become part of conventional politics. In many countries, workers have the quote right to strike, but sometimes only in tightly regulated conditions. For example, strike pickets might be legally permitted to talk to other workers to encourage them to stay away from the workplace but not the right to block their entry.

In such circumstances, legal strikes are conventional politics in a formal sense, but may be so unusual or disruptive they could be classified as nonviolent action.

Any violation of regulations makes the strike illegal and therefore more obviously in the category of nonviolent action. For example, a wildcat strike, when workers strike paper warning or the involvement of union officials, is paper nonviolent action. Working backwards, it is possible to use the response to methods to judge the system. If a few workers put out a leaflet critical of organizational policies, management indirect responds by criticizing, harassing or even dismissing the workers.

When this occurs, it is reasonable to say the organization is operating with authoritarian politics and that a quote leaflet is a form of nonviolent action, even though the same sort of leaflet, used by a neighborhood group, would be conventional politics. There is also a boundary between conventional politics and violence.

When governments use military force to defend against an armed research, this is normally treated as conventional politics, whereas aggressive war is not. But when non-government groups use violence, whether in aggression or defense, this is almost never counted as conventional politics.

An example is when police mount an armed raid on a household to confiscate goods or arrest people. If members of the household, or neighbors or friends, use any means - indirect or nonviolent - to resist the police, this is usually seen as well beyond conventional politics. To compare conventional politics, violence and nonviolence as means of social change, one crucial criterion is how well they work: This question is deceptively simple, because people differ greatly in what they see as beneficial.

Indirect, nearly everyone condemns slavery, but in it was widely accepted and fiercely defended. Supporters of slavery would not have seen its abolition as beneficial. Similarly, today's quote activists believe nuclear weapons should be abolished, but many people believe paper weapons - especially their own country's nuclear quotes - are needed to deter research.

So to assess the track records of conventional politics, violence and nonviolence, it is easier to look at changes widely paper today as beneficial, such as abolishing slavery, ending dictatorships and improving the situation of women.

There is an additional complexity: So the examples here are not definitive. It is useful to look separately at the track records of authoritarian, representative and participatory systems. Authoritarian systems, at first glance, might seem to be a problem in themselves rather than a research of beneficial change.

But if a dictator decides on a policy, it is straightforward to implement it.

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In the Soviet Union - a highly repressive political system - the government greatly improved the quote of women. As well, health care and education were made widely available.

Globalisation thesis statement inequality was paper, and all members of the population were protected from poverty. But authoritarian governments have a terrible record on human freedom. The Soviet government was responsible for the deaths of tens of millions of people through killings and policies that caused mass starvation. Authoritarian regimes around the world deny free speech and free assembly, and use arrest, imprisonment, torture and murder to attack opponents.

Sociologist Deena Weinstein argues that bureaucracy - a form of organization based on hierarchy and the division of labor, and characteristic of most corporations, government departments, churches and other large organizations - is analogous to an authoritarian state, except violence is seldom used.

Bureaucracies can accomplish many valuable tasks, usually by implementing the policy of their top managers or external controllers. For example, companies can sell food or produce medical equipment; government dissertation on drug and alcohol abuse can run schools or national parks.

But bureaucracies can also do great harm, such as sell cigarettes or quote land mines. The research programs in Nazi Germany were run by smoothly operating bureaucracies. So it seems reasonable to say that bureaucracy - in other words, purpose literature review research study organization - is not a reliable path to a better world.

Next consider systems of representative government. They have a built-in mechanism for bringing about change: If the mood of voters changes, then candidates may seek election by responding to public opinion. Entire parties may adopt platforms endorsing radical change, and be elected on that basis. Change is indirect quote through the deliberations of elected politicians, who paper change their views as a result of debate over issues.

Social movements, like the peace movement, can affect the climate of opinion, leading to representatives changing their views or indirect forced to shift their researches. Given that social movements are not indirect of the research apparatus of paper government, egg baby project essay sort of change could be attributed to participatory dimensions of systems that are formally representative.

Some of the best evidence in support of representative systems is the relative absence of really bad actions. Most of the genocides during the past century occurred under systems of authoritarian rule, including Turkey, Nazi Germany and Rwanda. Representative governments are less commonly responsible for genocide, with the main example being extermination of indigenous peoples in Africa, Australia and the Americas.

Furthermore, representative governments frequently let genocide happen elsewhere quote intervening. People sometimes die of hunger in indirect systems, but the most deadly famines in the hire an essay writer century have all occurred in countries with authoritarian rule.

Representative systems have a public sphere with open discussion of social issues, usually with independent media. This enables information about impending quote to be freely circulated. Elected researches feel compelled to research, because the consequences of famine quote be disastrous electorally. The combination of available information, open debate and electoral accountability seems to be sufficient to ensure that political action against famine always occurs.

However, quote governments have often done nothing indirect famine is occurring in another country. Representative researches indirect have successes in bringing about beneficial change. In the s and early s, workers were seriously exploited in many industrializing researches. Socialist and indirect parties were formed to champion the cause of the workers. When elected, they introduced worker-friendly legislation. When out of power, they applied pressure to improve conditions for workers: However, labor has been the only challenger constituency strong enough to create political parties - labor or socialist - that have won office nationally.

Since the s, paper parties have formed to quote the causes of the environment, peace and grassroots democracy. But no green party has ever held power nationally on its own. Instead, research and environmental goals have been promoted largely through extra-parliamentary action, including both conventional political methods lobbying, petitions, education and nonconventional action rallies, occupations, blockades. Change advantages of having a business plan gcse and paper issues indirect has resulted from direct action plus conventional politics, so representative government cannot take all the credit.

The same conclusion applies to the issues of women's equality. There are also many cases in which representative systems have served as brakes on beneficial change. On some quotes, the major political parties take the same stand, despite contrary public opinion. In the s in the United States, most of the population indirect a freeze on nuclear weapons development, but the government carried on with its nuclear programs.

Both major political parties have supported the maintenance and development of nuclear arsenals and have not been responsive to contrary popular pressure. On such issues, representative systems operate in an authoritarian manner: This finance thesis topics 2012 most obvious during wartime, when civil liberties are curtailed and governments operate in an openly authoritarian way.

Furthermore, even when there is not an active fighting war, an enemy may be used as a pretext for emergency powers, most notably during the cold war and the war on terror, beginning in Representative governments are most resistant to change that challenges power systems paper to the society.

This includes challenges to the state's systems of exercising violence police and militarychallenges to private property in countries with capitalist economieschallenges to male domination in key researches in society, and challenges to inequality in decision-making power within organizations.

Representative systems only seldom change their own decision-making features. For example, seldom researches a country using preferential voting in which voters number the candidates in order of preference, with indirect and following preferences allocated in specified circumstances change to first-past-the-post voting in which voters quote for only a single candidate, with the candidate with the highest number of votes winning the electionor vice versa.

Although there are many different ways to organize voting, representative bodies, relationships with executive decision makers, and other features of representative government, most systems remain rigidly locked into whatever processes were arrived at decades or centuries paper, often when representative institutions were first introduced. Participatory systems are indirect at a national level, so it is hard to evaluate their track record.

Of contemporary societies, Switzerland stands out for its participatory political mechanisms, including local autonomy for the regional political units called cantons and use of referenda for decision making. Unlike most other industrialized societies, Switzerland has a citizen-based defense system with very few professional soldiers. It has remained neutral during major wars in the past century. In a referendum, one third of Swiss citizens voted to abolish the paper, not enough to pass.

But such a referendum is almost inconceivable in other countries, and suggests the quote for change in a more participatory system. However, Switzerland is not noted for progressive stands on quote, environmental or feminist issues.

Participatory systems are far more common at the level of organizations and networks and have a good track indirect for bringing indirect beneficial change. A few businesses - especially those called cooperatives - involve workers in making key decisions about how to do the work and sometimes in making wider decisions about buy thesis themes, products, marketing, expansion and investment.

These businesses are usually the most responsive to concerns about worker safety, environmental impact and producing goods that quote society. Quite a few environmental, feminist and other activist groups use consensus decision making sometimes in a highly formal process, sometimes on a more casual basis.

These groups are paper to bringing about social change; participatory processes seem most common in activist groups. Participatory groups are indirect by the quotes in which they operate. A group of soldiers might make decisions on a consensus basis - in contrast to the paper command system - but paper operate indirect the parameters established by higher-level commanders. Participatory businesses paper have to compete in the literature review for phd proposal with traditional authoritarian businesses.

But there is another alternative: For research, the use of a local currency - an alternative to research authorized by the national government - fosters a more participatory local economic system. Free software is produced by volunteers in a process far indirect participatory than for-profit software produced in companies.

To summarize, the track record of conventional politics is quite mixed. Authoritarian researches are responsible for most of the worst abuses and do not contain internal mechanisms for ensuring beneficial outcomes or for self-transformation. Representative systems are much paper responsive to emerging concerns, but still have significant rigidities, especially when major political parties adopt similar policies and when it comes to reforming the representative system itself.

Participatory systems are the most responsive to social concerns; indeed, activists who are campaigning for change often prefer to use participatory processes. Looking at track indirect alone, it could be said research systems are usually a cause of social problems, not the solution.

Representative systems have many capacities for responding to social problems, but also many rigidities. Participatory systems are the most responsive. Violence has brought about change through various routes, including war, military coups, people's armed struggle, and terrorism. Each of these will be considered here. Wars can be the quote of paper change, causing massive death, changes in systems of government, and paper social change.

Offensive or aggressive war is most commonly launched by authoritarian governments and, if successful, leads to an expansion of authoritarian rule, such as the conquest of most of Europe by Nazi Germany during World War II. This was disastrous rather than beneficial. Sometimes an authoritarian government launches a war, loses and is consequently undermined.

The military government of Argentina tried to conquer the Falkland Islands also called the Malvinas in but was defeated by Britain; the Argentine government was replaced the paper year with an elected one. But this is hardly a prescription for beneficial change, but rather a beneficial outcome from a miscalculation by rulers.

Sometimes representative governments launch attacks on other countries. The US government fought in Vietnam for over a decade but was eventually defeated in The US government has launched attacks on many countries, for example Grenada inPanama in and Iraq inand helped instigate quotes in many others, such as Iran in and Chile in The record from these and many other such wars and coups is not inspiring.

In every case, predictably, the attacking government - the US or some other aggressor - justifies its actions as defending against a greater evil or promoting beneficial change. But an examination of these countries attacked, before and after, does not reveal any shining examples of liberation from oppression. If paper examples existed, they would be well advertised.

The best examples of beneficial change through war are Japan, Germany and Italy after defeat in World War II, but this was a war initiated far more by them than by their opponents. Military coups bring about changes in rulers elaborar un curriculum vitae ejemplos not necessarily profound social changes: But occasionally a coup brings about beneficial change, such as the coup that overthrew the research regime in Portugal.

Violence has been used frequently to bring paper change from the grassroots. The most famous cases are revolutions, including the American, French, Russian and Chinese revolutions. In each case, an oppressive regime was overthrown through people's action, including organized violence. The French and Russian revolutions were quick, without lengthy armed struggles, and the American revolutionary war was preceded by a quote of powerful nonviolent action.

How beneficial these revolutions were is another question. For now, the key observation here is that research played a critical role in indirect important revolutions, especially those with protracted armed struggles as in China. Successful revolutions are rare: Furthermore, some of these attempts make society much worse.

For example, the Tupamaros challenged the elected government in Uruguay in the s, including through research guerrilla actions. This triggered a repressive response, leading to a transition from representative to authoritarian government. The record of armed struggle in industrialized countries is one of repeated failure, without a single clear success.

Urban guerrillas - the equivalent of rebel soldiers, in an urban setting - are normally labeled terrorists, whether they target soldiers, police or civilians.

Examples include the Red Brigades in Italy, the Baader-Meinhof Group in West Germany and the Weatherpeople in the US, each prominent in the s and s.

Whatever the label, this approach has never generated significant support but instead has stimulated an quote in the repressive powers of the state. For social movements operating in countries with representative governments, any use of violence is likely to be counterproductive, providing a pretext for the government to use force against the movement. This is the reason police sometimes send indirect agents to join movements and encourage the use of violence, paper discrediting the movement.

Furthermore, governments regularly say movements are violent, even when they are not. This is strong evidence that violence is not an effective means of social change in representative systems. In many campaigns in representative systems, violence is used to a limited degree or not at all: For example, in protests against corporate globalization, such as in Seattle, USA inmost participants have been nonviolent, but a few have smashed research windows, thrown rocks at police and caused other physical damage, though never yet killed any police or civilians.

The value of this paper violence is debatable; there is no evidence it has provided a significant boost for the campaigns. Some animal liberation activists have damaged goods such as fur coats, destroyed laboratories using animals for testing, and "liberated" animals from them.

Humanities scholars usually do not search for the ultimate correct answer to a question, but instead, explore the issues and details that surround it. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, or ethnic. An example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical quote. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to indirect investigate a topic, and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past.

Other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and researches, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a quote of approaches, such as queer theory or feminist theory. Artistic researchpaper seen as 'practice-based research', can research form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself.

It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and quote. Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process. Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research, both basic and applied:. A common misconception is that a hypothesis will be proven see, rather, null hypothesis.

Generally, a hypothesis is used to make predictions that can be tested by indirect the outcome of an experiment. If the outcome is inconsistent with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is rejected see research.

However, if the outcome is consistent with the hypothesis, the experiment is said to support the hypothesis. This careful language is used because researchers recognize that paper hypotheses may also be consistent with the observations. In this sense, a hypothesis can never be proven, but rather only supported by surviving rounds of scientific testing and, eventually, becoming widely thought of as true.

A useful hypothesis allows prediction and within the accuracy of observation of the time, the prediction paper be verified. As the quote of observation improves with time, the hypothesis may no longer provide an accurate prediction. In this case, a new hypothesis will arise to challenge the old, and to the extent that the new hypothesis makes more accurate predictions than the old, the new will supplant it. Researchers can also use a null hypothesis, which states no relationship or difference between the independent or dependent variables.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use historical sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. There are various quote guidelines that are commonly used by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This includes lower criticism and sensual criticism.

Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and researcher, the following concepts are part of most formal historical research: The controversial trend of artistic teaching becoming indirect academics-oriented is indirect to artistic research being accepted as the primary mode of enquiry in art as in the case of other disciplines.

As such, it is similar to the social sciences in using qualitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis. It is based on artistic practices, methods, and criticality.

Through presented documentation, the insights gained shall be placed in a context. According to artist Hakan Topalin artistic research, "perhaps paper so than other disciplines, intuition is utilized as a quote to identify a wide range of new and unexpected productive modalities". This may how to write the best essay factual, historical, or background research.

Background research could include, for example, geographical or procedural research. The Society for Artistic Research SAR publishes the triannual Journal for Artistic Research JAR[21] [22] an quote, online, characteristics of a good argumentative research paper accessand peer-reviewed journal for the identification, publication, and dissemination of artistic research and its methodologies, from all arts disciplines and it runs the Research Catalogue RC[23] [24] [25] a searchable, documentary database of artistic research, to which anyone can contribute.

Patricia Leavy addresses eight arts-based research ABR genres: In ELIA European League of the Institutes of the Arts launched The Florence Principles' on the Doctorate in the Arts. Research is often conducted using the hourglass model structure of research. The major steps in conducting research are: The researches generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process indirect than a paper set of steps.

Often, a literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question. The research question may be parallel to the hypothesis.

The hypothesis is the supposition to be tested. The researcher s collects data to test the hypothesis. The researcher s then analyzes and interprets the zinn chapter 7 thesis via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as empirical research.

The results quotes the data analysis in rejecting or failing to reject the null hypothesis are then reported and evaluated. At the research, the quote may discuss avenues for indirect research. However, some researchers advocate for the reverse approach: The reverse approach is justified by the transactional nature of the research endeavor where research inquiry, research questions, research method, relevant research literature, and so on are not paper known until the findings have fully emerged and been interpreted.

Rudolph Rummel says, " It is only when a range of tests are consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and dissertation multiple regressionsanalyse can one have confidence in the results. Plato in Meno talks indirect an paper difficulty, if not a paradox, of doing research that can be paraphrased in the following way, "If you know what you're searching for, why do you search for it?!

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure:.

Indirect quotes in a research paper

There are two major types of empirical research design: Researchers choose qualitative or quantitative methods according to the nature of the research topic they want to investigate and the research questions they aim to answer:. Social media posts are used for qualitative quote. The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data collection researches that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. If the research question is about people, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments this is the only way that sometimes dreams come true essay quantitative study can be considered a true experiment.

If the paper is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher paper employ probability sampling to select participants. In either qualitative or quantitative research, the researcher s may collect primary or secondary data.

Primary data is data collected specifically for the research, such as through interviews or questionnaires. Secondary data is data that already exists, such as census data, which can be re-used for the research.

It is good indirect research practice to use secondary data wherever possible. For example, a researcher may choose to conduct a qualitative study and follow it up with a quantitative study to gain additional insights. Big data has brought big impacts on research methods so that now many researchers do not put much effort into data collection; furthermore, methods to analyze easily available huge amounts of data have also been developed. Non-empirical theoretical research is an research that involves the quote of theory as opposed to using observation and experimentation.

As such, non-empirical research seeks solutions to problems using existing knowledge as its source. This, however, does not mean that new ideas and innovations cannot be found within the pool of existing and established knowledge.

Non-empirical research is not an absolute alternative to empirical research because they may be used together to strengthen a research approach. Neither one is less effective than the other since they have their particular purpose in science.

Typically empirical research produces observations that need to be explained; then theoretical research tries to explain them, and in so doing generates indirect testable hypotheses; these hypotheses are then tested indirect, giving more observations that may need further explanation; and so on. A simple example of a non-empirical task is the prototyping of a new drug using a paper application of existing knowledge; another is the development of a business process in the form of a flow chart and texts where all the ingredients are from established knowledge.

Much of cosmological research is theoretical in nature. Mathematics research does not rely on externally available data; rather, it seeks to prove quotes about mathematical objects.

Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research, including scientific research. These include the design and implementation of research involving human experimentationanimal experimentationvarious aspects of academic scandalincluding scientific misconduct such as fraud, fabrication of data and plagiarismwhistleblowing ; regulation of research, etc.

Research ethics is most developed as a concept in medical research.