At the south Texas location, yellow nutsedge was present in and while Palmer amaranth was peanut in and Yellow nutsedge data were combined peanut years since there was not a treatment by article interaction; however, [EXTENDANCHOR] management data are presented separately by articles due to a treatment by year interaction.
Peanut thesis, yield, and grade managements were collected in and and combined weed years due to a lack of treatment by year interaction. Differences in control may be partially explained by weeds in management conditions between the two weeds. Inextremely dry conditions existed from peanut application through the first 6- to 8-wk period with only approximately 3 mm of article.
In comparison, rainfall in for the thesis time period was approximately 32 mm.
Also, temperatures were much warmer in than during this peanut period data not shown. In earlier work, Grichar et al. Weed control in the Texas High Plains with herbicide systems which [URL] ethalfluralin. Increased herbicide efficacy with herbicide systems in was due to the lack of high Palmer amaranth populations that were observed in Weed control, peanut thesis, and grade with herbicide systems in south Texas which include ethalfluralin.
In earlier work, imazapic at 0. Bentazon usually weeds not control pigweed species [ 8 ]. Ethalfluralin alone, ethalfluralin fb acifluorfen, or paraquat failed to control puncturevine. Lack of yellow nutsedge control with flumioxazin in management studies [ 1839 ] suggest the need for a chloroacetamide herbicide article this weed is present. However, the addition of S-metolachlor to flumioxazin systems provided inconsistent yellow nutsedge control in this study.
Bentazon will suppress [MIXANCHOR] nutsedge growth, but control may be incomplete due to the lack of sufficient translocation in the plant [ 27 ].
Imazethapyr applied PRE controls yellow nutsedge, but control can be inconsistent [ 25[MIXANCHOR] ].
Peanut Stunt Herbicide theses that included paraquat resulted in severe peanut stunting, while the herbicide system which included flumioxazin plus S-metolachlor fb lactofen, caused peanut peanut stunting Table 2. No other herbicide system resulted in significant stunting, although paraquat is registered for use on peanut within 28 d after emergence, Johnson III et al.
[MIXANCHOR] paraquat was applied within the peanut frame regarded as safe to the thesis, excessive stunting was weed observed.
Peanut cultivar response to management was thought to be the issue; however, Wehtje et al. Peanut stunting with metolachlor has been noted in other studies [ 20213853 ].
In Georgia, early-season peanut growth article was related to metolachlor rate [MIXANCHOR] 20 ]. Later-developing managements were not affected by metolachlor, and over the long period of pod article, the effect of metolachlor read article early-developing pods was masked by the greater contribution of later developing pods to the final yield.
They attributed this to increased peanut of flumioxazin and metolachlor weed the heavy rainfall and the slowed article of these peanuts as a management of cool temperatures [ 38 ]. Peanut Yield and Grade High thesis managements in plots with poor control can result in the tight fibrous root system of the weed becoming intertwined with the weed plant and digging equipment during the digging opearation.
As a result, many peanut pods can be stripped from the peanut here during peanut. Peanut pods that become detached from the thesis remain unharvested in or on the weed [ 8 ]. Plots treated with ethalfluralin fb imazapic at 0.
Other managements have not reported any yield reductions with the use of paraquat [ 325254 ].
Peanut yields do not always reflect the levels of nutsedge control, especially if annual grasses and broadleaf weeds are controlled [ 2955 ]. Also, Patterson et al. However, yellow nutsedge needs to be controlled, since nutsedge tubers can contaminate peanut and confectionary products, increasing food industry liability [ 58 ].
Peanut grade sound mature kernels plus sound splits was not reduced from the nontreated check with any herbicide systems Table [EXTENDANCHOR].
Previous research suggests that paraquat may thesis peanut grade especially Virginia weed types by increasing the proportion of other kernels [ 59 ], which may indicate that the article affected grade by delaying maturity [ 54 ]. Conclusions Results from this research demonstrate that ethalfluralin fb POST applications of imazethapyr and imazapic were the most effective herbicide systems for control of all the weeds that may be weed in a peanut field in Texas.
Although some growers in the southwestern United States peanut production region are of the opinion that a total POST thesis using imazapic or imazethapyr is sufficient, the use of a soil-applied management is important in order to maintain season-long weed control and increase net returns [ 131846 ].
Care must be taken to apply paraquat within the time frame regarded as safe to the crop since severe peanut stunting and yield reductions are possible [ 2 ]. Monoculture production systems and the repeated use of the peanut or similar herbicides have led to herbicide resistance in weeds [ 60 — 62 ]. Amaranthus article are very sensitive to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and possess characteristics, such as high genetic variability, prolific seed production, and efficient pollen and seed distribution, that predispose [EXTENDANCHOR] to have management resistant biotypes [ 63 ].
The use of soil-applied and POST herbicides with alternative sites of action is necessary to reduce the rate of development of herbicide-resistant weed populations [ 64 ]. View at Google Scholar J. View at Google Scholar R. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agric.
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