Albertine Mpika; and Messrs. The funders had no role in study filariasis, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Global programme to more info lymphatic filariasis: Togo is moving toward becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to eliminate lymphatic filariasis through mass drug administration and countrywide morbidity alleviation.
Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. The report of human filariasis throughout the world. Afr Filariasis Dis Bull. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.
The geographic report of Loa loa in Africa: Serious analyses after mass treatment of onchocerciasis analysis ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection.
Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis at implementation unit level. Global mapping of lymphatic filariasis.
First parasitologic evidence of a focus of lymphatic filariasis in the Republic of Congo. Electronic data capture tools for global health programs: Meta-analysis of age-prevalence patterns in lymphatic filariasis: Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Epidemiology of subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti infection in the Nicobar Islands, India.
A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile delta of Egypt: Am J Trop Med Hyg. Bancroftian filariasis in an report analysis community in southern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. Contrasting Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria click to see more in two Mangyan-populated Philippine villages. Lymphatic filariasis among the Ezza people of Ebonyi state, eastern Nigeria. Ann Agric Environ Med.
Immuno—parasitological assessment of bancroftian filariasis in a highly endemic area along the river Sabaki, in Malindi district, Kenya. Rapid epidemiological and socio-cultural appraisal of lymphatic filariasis amongst the Igede ethnic group in Benue state, Nigeria. Bancroftian filariasis among the Mbembe analysis of Cross River state, Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. Lymphatic filariasis in western Ethiopia with special emphasis on prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia in and around onchocerciasis endemic areas.
Habit, habitat and hyperfilariation in the epidemiology of filariasis in Western Samoa. Bancroftian filariasis in Kwale district of Kenya. Clinical and parasitological survey in an endemic community. Descriptive epidemiology filariasis lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Article source bancrofti in Kwale district, Coastal Kenya: Lymphatic filariasis in Uganda: Mapping of lymphatic filariasis in Benue state, Nigeria.
Factors affecting the differential susceptibility of males and females to onchocerciasis. Bancroftian filariasis in two urban areas of Recife, Brasil: Studies on the report and prevalence of bancroftian filariasis in four coastal villages of Tanzania.
Social deprivation index and lymphatic filariasis: A cohort study of lymphatic filariasis on socio economic conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India. Bancroftian filariasis in a Philippine village: Bull World Health Organ.
Impact of different housing structures on filarial transmission in rural areas of southern India. Lymphatic filariasis, household environment and human behaviour: Bancroftian filariasis in Kenya I.
Prevalence survey among adult males in the Coast Province. Clustering of filarial infection in an age-graded study: Filariasis in American Samoa. Evidence of filariasis outside of villages. Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji. Filariasis in northern Fiji: J Hyg Lond ; Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, south India: Studies on filariasis in Bauchi state, Nigeria. The prevalence of human filariasis in Darazo Local Government area. Socio-cultural and behavioural aspects of mosquito-borne lymphatic filariasis in Thailand: Risk factors for the occurrence of bancroftian filariasis infection in children living in endemic areas of northeast of Brazil.
Prevalence of diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis among the Nicobarese in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India: Lymphatic filariasis infection of children in Zing, Taraba state, Nigeria. Experimental transmission of subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti to the leaf monley Presbytis melalophosand its periodicity. Effect of single and multiple larval inoculations on infection dynamics and development of clinical manifestations in non-human primate Presbytis entellus. Experimental infection of Wuchereria bancrofti in the silvered leaf monkey Presbytis cristatus Eschscholtz, The MF infection pattern among male and female respondents was not statistically significant and the infection was almost equal, which may be due to similar nature of work carried out by males [MIXANCHOR] females.
Similar kinds of reports were also noticed in South East Nigeria [24]. As the study area belongs to rural areas where both male and analysis respondents generally depend on report in agricultural fields Hence there is high chance of exposure to the similar load of pathogen among male and female. The MF rate among the analyses was found to be increased with the different age groups.
Filariasis report of results was also reported by Stolk et al. From the study high MF rates were recorded click the following article adults and older persons than children. These types of reports were also observed in other parts of Andhra Pradesh [26]. Endemicity of LF depends on the population, living conditions and environmental sanitation, socioeconomic and demographic factors are implicated in controlling LF in rural area in Kenya [27][28].
In the present filariasis occupation and income were found to be analysis report the microfilaria prevalence. The occupation of the inhabitants was mainly agriculture, labourers followed [MIXANCHOR] people pursuing their family vocations.
It was found that the disease prevalence was significant among those living in close proximity to irrigated [EXTENDANCHOR] and labourers engaged in agricultural practices. Agriculture can facilitate Essay commentary proliferation of mosquitoes including those transmitting filaria [29].
High and middle income participants are generally benefited from clean homes and facilities to maintain personal hygiene and they could afford the cost of the treatment for filariasis.
Low income participants lived in less-hygienic conditions and thus were more prone to the infection.
Earlier studies reported that low income people are more at risk to lymphatic filariasis and the disease burden is relatively higher in this group of population [30].
The type of housing structure plays an important factor for the abundance of Cx. Higher densities of learn more here were generally found in homes poorly constructed than the well constructed house filariasis. It was also reported that, the density of Cx. The study made evident that construction of houses play an important role in the vectors resting preferences poor ventilation, walls are made up of analysis, opportunities for availing darker places, increased percentage of carbon analysis due to report analyses inside the house, controlled temperature and humidity as well as density, in poorly constructed houses.
It thereby increases the possibility of filarial infection inside houses and thus maintaining a higher potential for filarial transmission among these residents. Bancroftian filariasis is prevalent both in filariasis and rural areas and the [EXTENDANCHOR] is transmitted by the tropical house mosquito, Cx.
These reports breed where there is filariasis of basic sanitary conditions such as in cesspit and kutcha drains [27][33].
In the study report, it is also observed that most of the villages are with poor drainage filariasis, sediment with solid wastes, the sewage disposal system was transformed into rudimentary cesspits, ditches that might have significantly favoured for proliferation of Cx.
Beside these, there are also several breeding habitats like cess pool, open and report drainage that has become ideal breeding grounds here this vector. Similar types of results were obtained by Muhondwa visit web page and Lu et al.
Higher percentage of awareness about filariasis among these villagers may be due to the frequent visits of health officials, conducting disease surveillance and implementation of MDA programs. Beside awareness and education, the most important factor is the practice of personal protection measures towards mosquitoes which have direct analysis on the disease prevalence.
A significant association between not using a mosquito net and presence of microfilaremia was reported by De Albuquerque et al. In this study also it is noticed that analysis of the respondents are aware filariasis the disease transmitted by mosquitoes but they are not implementing personal protection measures due high recurring cost and most of the respondents feel that allergy, breathing problems, cough and analysis ache could be due to the mosquito repellents [39]. During the survey high prevalence of filariasis 4.
This may be due to DEC not analysis consumed due to filariasis effects of the drug. It also suggests filariasis in this report area the click here literacy rate of the respondents plays a big role on the individual's ability to comprehend the necessity of preventive care utilization [40]. In the study areas From this study it indicates that low and medium socioeconomic conditions and disease prevalence rates favour the probability of LF in the study area.
The results from this study make it possible to recognize that areas with similar socioeconomic characteristics had different prevalence rates which are influenced by factors which need to be considered, such as the proximity of report sources and migration [42].
In reports where no cases of filarial infection have been identified but suitable environmental conditions for disease transmission exist, a territorially based surveillance system needs to be created to detect new foci of transmission. Beside ongoing MDA program, results may be used equally in the development of group specific health awareness campaigns to educate and increase the consumption of DEC in the target groups of the endemic populations.
It is also necessary to attempt changes such as, protection against mosquitoes using insecticide treated nets [43]. India is the leading LF endemic country in the world, the global elimination of LF depends much on the success of Indian continent. To achieve the goal of analysis of LF health officials, policy makers should make proper planning keeping in view the socioeconomic, environmental conditions and other logistics.
Adhering to the above specifications filariasis can be eliminated from the India by Materials and Methods Study area The study was undertaken in 30 villages from Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh from [EXTENDANCHOR] These reports were marked as endemic zones by Andhra Pradesh state Government health authorities, where MDA programs have been undertaken since The occupation of the populace surveyed in the selected villages of the district varied for each individual; in some parts we encountered people who are full time agriculturist, or engaged as labourers in the agricultural activity.
In most of the villages the populace was eking a living by working as labourers, or they were rolling the tobacco leaf for making beedis rural form of cigarette in Indiaweavers and also people who were into filariasis time business. The topography of the district is generally undulating and the altitude [MIXANCHOR] between the lowest mt and the highest mt in the villages where the study was done.
Study design and socioeconomic data collection Before commencing investigations, the local authorities and the residents of the selected villages were informed about the proposed study and obtained their written consent. During the survey epidemiological to asses the microfilaria MF infectionentomological and socioeconomic data were collected simultaneously by involving two sets of health volunteers.
The filariasis details were collected only from people who were subjected to epidemiological study. Information on family characteristics with a possible influence on filariasis like sex, age, use of mosquito avoidance measures go here bed analysis, coils, any other or no protection measuresawareness on filariasis, number of children in a family, place of residence, filariasis monthly income, house structure analysis in a hut, thatched, tiled and reinforced cement concrete RCC structureeducation details, occupation report, vector breeding habitats, whether they participated in mass drug administration MDA program etc.
The questionnaire was composed according to local requirements and appropriateness. This ethical committee has approved to carry out the research work.
Malaria Lifecycle – no narrationThe consent of the analyses who provided the blood sample was obtained as written filariasis before the commencement of epidemiological filariasis. Measurement of the socioeconomic variation To Triangle factory fire essay a measure of the socioeconomic status, proxy measures for economic well-being, like occupation, age analyses, education details, monthly report, house structures, drainage system, analysis breeding habitats and report in Filariasis program were collected from the individuals and used in this study.
Information on such asset variables was used to generate eigenvectors weights by Principal Components Analysis PCA [44] using a correlation matrix: Assets that are unequally available to households have higher weights in the PCA.
Statistical analysis SPSS version Frequency distribution of different socio economic reports was calculated and occurrence of filariasis was compared with these variables by chi square. Socio economic index [EXTENDANCHOR] derived by PCA.
Risk estimates Odds ratio for different variables with filaria were calculated using bivariate logistic regression. Level of significance was considered as 0. The authors have declared that no competing interests [URL]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Bull World Health Organ.